Suchergebnisse

В статье рассматривается такой актуальный вопрос для современной методики преподавания иностранного языка, как использование аутентичного текста при обучении студентов неязыкового вуза лингвострановедческому чтению. Последовательно дается определение терминов «аутентичность», «аутентичный текст», раскрываются лингвистический, социокультурный и психологический аспекты такого текста, его характеристики, приводятся мнения различных ученых по данной теме. Автор знакомит читателя с разными классификациями аутентичности (Л. Лиер и М. Брин). Также в работе раскрывается содержание термина «лингвострановедческое чтение», описываются его ключевые особенности и преимущества по сравнению с другими видами чтения. Результаты проведенного педагогического эксперимента по использованию аутентичного текста в образовательном процессе подтверждают его положительную роль в обучении как лингвострановедческому чтению в частности, так и иностранному языку в целом
The article considers such an urgent issue for the modern methodology of teaching a foreign language as the use of an authentic text when teaching students of a non-linguistic university linguistic and cultural reading. The paper consistently defines the terms "authenticity", "authentic text", reveals the linguistic, socio-cultural and psychological aspects of such a text, its characteristics, provides the opinions of researchers on this topic. The author also introduces various classifications of authenticity (L. Lier and M. Breen), reveals the content of the term "linguistic and cultural reading", describes its basc features and advantages in comparison with other types of reading. The results of the conducted pedagogical experiment on the use of an authentic text in the educational process confirming its positive role both for teaching linguistic and teaching a foreign language in general.

The article specifies the place of contrastive linguistics in linguistic
research, how it is different from the other linguistic disciplines based on language
comparison: comparative-historical linguistics, translation studies and typology. In
particular, the author comments on one of the main concepts of contrastive linguistics
formulated by A.A. Reformatsky: when comparing facts of language, one must study those descriptive categories in which these facts are presented in each of the languages.
Using a number of examples of Russian (conjunctions a to, prichem and the
preposition krome), the author shows that comparing languages can lead to a revision
of the categorial apparatus in a particular grammar area of one of them. This becomes
possible due to the development of new contrastive analysis methods, for instance,
unidirectional and bidirectional analysis. Thus, contrastive linguistics can solve not
only practical problems, mostly related to foreign languages teaching, but also
contribute to theoretical language description.

In this paper the authors define and analyze the notion of a linguistic conflict, reveal the reasons for such kind of conflicts and give some particular examples. The article also focuses on the role of a linguistic conflict in the policy of states and their functioning.Purpose. To reveal the reasons for linguistic conflicts, analyze the effects of linguistic conflicts on state functioning.Methodology. The paper is based on general scientific principles of evolutionism, development, systematic, exact historic approaches, objectivity.Results. Awareness of theoretical foundations of modern conflict studies, initiation of experiences of complex linguo-conflictual research papers and political discourse.Practical implications. The main results of the paper can be applied in studying the following disciplines: «Modern political science in context of humanities», «Social linguistics», «Language policy and language planning». ; В данной статье авторы раскрывают понятие лингвистического конфликта, выявляют причины данных конфликтов, приводят конкретные примеры, подчеркивающие роль конфликтов в политике государств, анализируют влияние лингвистических конфликтов на функционирование государства.Цель: выявить причины лингвистических конфликтов, проанализировать влияние лингвистических конфликтов на функционирование государства.Метод или методология проведения работы. Исследование проводилось с опорой на общенаучные принципы эволюционизма, развития, системного, конкретно-исторического подходов, объективности.Результаты: знакомство с теоретическими основами современной лингвистической конфликтологии, инициация опыта комплексных лингвоконфликтологических исследований и политического дискурса.Область применения результатов: основные положения исследования могут найти свое отражение при изучении следующих дисциплин: «Современная политология в контексте новейшего гуманитарного знания», «Социолингвистика», «Языковая политика и языковое планирование».

В статье рассматриваются вопросы лингвистической и коммуникативной компетенции, которые в значительной степени обусловлены стратегией коммуникативного поведения и, в частности, выбором тактик речевого взаимодействия. Автор освещает современные тенденции в выборе стратегий и тактик языкового и коммуникативного поведения в сфере международных отношений, политики, бизнеса. Статья может быть использована в развитии теории и практики речевой коммуникации, в практической организации учебного курса по деловому общению в сфере международных отношений, политики и бизнеса. = The article deals with some issues of linguistic and communicative competence which are to a large extent predetermined by a strategy of communicative behaviour and in particular the choice of tactics of speech interaction. The author analyzes modern tendencies in the choice of strategies and tactics of linguistic and communicative behaviour in the area of international relations, politics and business. The aim of the article is to analyze linguistic and extra linguistic factors, which infl uence the choice of strategies and tactics of effective communicative behaviour in different spheres of business communication. The article may contribute to the development of the theory and practice of communication as well as practical organization of the educational course of business communication.

How did Russian writers respond to linguistic debate in the post-Soviet period? Post-Soviet Russia was a period of linguistic liberalisation, instability and change with varied attempts to regulate and legislate language usage, a time when the language question permeated all spheres of social, cultural and political life. Key topics for debate included the Soviet linguistic legacy, the past and future of Russian, linguistic variation, language policy and linguistic ideologies. This book looks at how these debates featured in literature and illustrates the discussion through six interpretive readings of post-Soviet Russian prose. It analyses both the writers' explicit and implicit responses and in doing so opens up new perspectives for sociolinguistic research on metalanguage. Spanning a number of theoretical fields including language variation, language policy and literary stylistics, Ingunn Lunde provides a coherent way of triangulating these fields by the introduction of the concept of performative metalanguage. The book also offers insight into the role of writers in the broader social and political context of language culture in contemporary Russia and into the various ways in which the linguistic and aesthetic practices of literary art can engage in questions related to the negotiation of linguistic norms. Key Features: Highlights the role of writers, and of fiction, in the language debates of post-Soviet Russia, Looks at the subject from the point of view of literary language, discussing six texts in detail

The author of the given article analyzes linguistic means of conducting a modern information war. The study is based on the material of American and British printed media and their online versions The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Economist, The Guardian, The Telegraph, as well as the internet-resources of the TV channel BBC News highlighting mainly the Russian-American relations and the situation in Syria and Ukraine. The analysis results make it possible to identify various linguistic techniques and means used by the Western mass media as instruments of manipulat-ing mass consciousness and also show that the main aim of information aggression consists in purposive disinformation of the audience and promotion of a certain idea meant to produce ideological impact on the audience and to achieve the desired geopolitical goals. It is linguo-stylistic analysis of the foreign English-speaking press that acquires special importance in this context. One of the main tasks of the author of any material in the press is to create an unusual sensational headline; that is why headlines often produce manipulative impact upon the emotions of the reader (the most typical methods include: emo-tional-evaluative phraseologisms, hyperbole and metaphor. ; В данной статье на материале американских и британских СМИ приводится лингвистический анализ языковых средств ведения современной информационной войны.

Предлагаемая статья посвящена изучению особенностей репрезентации топонимов Voronezh и Moscow в языковом сознании носителей английского языка как неродного в условиях субординативного билингвизма. Ввиду того что моделирование географического пространства в сознании индивида осуществляется при помощи топонимов, их детальное изучение представляет особый интерес для исследователей. При изучении семантики топонимов были использованы метод свободного ассоциативного эксперимента со стимулами, представленными на иностранном языке (Я2), и метод семантической интерпретации ассоциативных полей. В проведенном авторами эксперименте в качестве испытуемых выступили студенты, погруженные в искусственную языковую среду в процессе обучения в университете. По данным психолингвистического эксперимента были составлены ассоциативные поля топонимов Voronezh и Moscow, определены индексы яркости каждой из ассоциаций, выделены ядерные семы и описаны ближняя и дальняя периферии. Авторы подробно рассматривают психолингвистическое значение выбранных топонимов, используя базовую трафаретную модель, которая была разработана Е. А. Маклаковой, а затем дополнена и успешно применена И. А. Стерниным и А. В. Рудаковой. В рамках трафаретной модели были подробно описаны денотативный макрокомпонент значений рассматриваемых лексем, представленный признаковой и реляционной частями, коннотативный макрокомпонент значения топонимов, в том числе оценочные, эмоциональные и функциональные характеристики. На следующем этапе исследования была проведена семемная атрибуция ассоциативных реакций и разработано психолингвистическое описание значений изучаемых топонимов. В заключение авторы делают вывод, что ассоциаты, полученные от носителей русского языка, отвечавших на Я2, достаточно стереотипны, что может, в частности, быть обусловлено недостаточно высоким уровнем владения иностранным языком, а также высокой лексической интерференцией родного языка (Я1).
The proposed article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the representation of the toponyms Voronezh and Moscow in the linguistic consciousness of non-native speakers of English in the context of subordinative bilingualism. In view of the fact that the modeling of geographical space in the mind of an individual is carried out with the help of toponyms, their detailed study is of particular interest to researchers. While studying the semantics of toponyms, the method of a free association experiment with stimuli presented in a foreign language (L2) and the method of semantic interpretation of associative fields were used. In the experiment conducted by the authors, the subjects were the students immersed in an artificial language environment in the process of studying at the university. According to the psycholinguistic experiment, the associative fields of the toponyms Voronezh and Moscow were compiled, the brightness indices of each of the associations were determined, nuclear semes were identified, and the near and far periphery were described. The authors describe in detail the psycholinguistic meaning of the chosen toponyms using the basic template model developed by E.A. Maklakova, and then supplemented and successfully applied by I.A. Sternin and A.V. Rudakova. Within the template model, there was described the denotative macro-component of the meanings of the considered lexemes, which is represented by the indicative and relational parts, the connotative macro-component of the meanings of the toponyms, including evaluative, emotional and functional characteristics. At the next stage of the study, a sememe attribution of associative reactions was made and a psycholinguistic description of the meanings of the toponyms under study was given. In conclusion, the authors assume that the associations obtained from native Russian speakers who answered in L2 are rather stereotyped, which may indicate an insufficient level of foreign language proficiency, as well as a high lexical interference of a native language (L1).

The article notes the previously used directions in the study of religious consciousness, and also evaluates the effectiveness of psycholinguistic methods for studying the religious component of everyday linguistic consciousness (namely, an associative experiment) in comparison with sociological methods. The results of a pilot experiment are presented, in which representatives of two nationalities take part as subjects: Russians and Chinese - carriers of fundamentally different cultural and religious traditions. The recognition and perception of Christian images by representatives of two cultures are compared. The influence of the age factor on the content of the religious component of the linguistic consciousness of Russians is also analyzed.Finally, conclusions are drawn about the greater involvement of elder people in the Christian religious context and about the greater pagan affiliation of the young consciousness and the bearers of Chinese culture. The applicability of the associative experiment in the study of age and ethno-cultural characteristics of the content of linguistic consciousness is positively assessed. The results of the experiment may be relevant for researchers, translators, teachers of foreign languages, as well as theologians, specialists in religion studies and missionary catechists.

The article is a continuation of the analysis of the peculiarities of transcultural prose writing in Finland (part 1). In the previous article, the concept of transcultural literature was considered and alliteration as an artistic and expressive means was analyzed. The purpose of this article is to identify and describe the stylistic features of the novel. The subject of the study are metaphors, allusions, repetitions, some syntactic means, namely the preferred use of homogeneous subordination, even though homogeneous adjuncts are connected by means of syndetic or asyndetic coordination. This way of connecting subordinate clauses gives the text a lilt and rhythm. The article examines cultural phenomena and facts, episodes significant for the lyrical subject. They do not always have a universal character; they may even seem deformed from the point of view of a huge cultural community. Transculturality in the work is manifested at the points of intersection of cultures, when the heroine compares the traditions, behavior, lifestyle of Egyptians and Finns. ElRamly uses color vocabulary because of its high communicative potential. Color nominations act as a means of conveying emotions, emotional experiences of the character. They are an integral part of the individual author's picture of the world. The methodological basis of the research is a transnational approach to cultural phenomena. The main research methods are the method of motivic analysis, the method of intertextual analysis, the method of linguistic description of specific linguistic facts.

The subject of this article is the most frequent linguistic units in the speech of modern embroiderers, which arise as a result of deviations from the language norm and testify to the high linguo-creative potential of the craftswomen discourse. However, the author also draws attention to the lexical unit class that are characteristic of the embroiderers speech and have a terminological character. Productive models for creating new lexical units are subjected to a detailed analysis: suffixation, addition, contraction, truncation of a phrase, abbreviation. The analysis showed that the morphological suffixal way of word formation exceeds in the modern embroiderers speech, addition and abbreviation are represented to a lesser extent. In addition, it was found that one of the active mechanisms for the transformation of lexical units is semantic derivation, which leads to the expansion of the conceptual scope of traditional lexemes. In most cases, this process occurs as a result of metaphorical transfer. The author of the article also considers cases of proverbs transformation in the embroiderers speech, reflecting the special worldview of embroiderers, and also being an opportunity for free self-expression. Most of them are transformations of traditional Russian proverbs, and new variants in speech become more common than their prototypes – canonical proverbs. Changes in the construction-sources are determined by the craftswomen intentions and affect different levels — semantics and structure. At the same time, the replacement of the proverb component becomes the most frequent creative mechanism. The language material collected and analyzed by us allows us to conclude that the speech of modern embroiderers has a high linguistic and creative potential and a wide range of language game markers, indicating the emergence of a special subculture of craftswomen at the present time.

В статье предпринята попытка на материале художественной литературы конкретизировать и сопоставить совокупность русскоязычных и англоязычных лингвистических средств и приемов намека, уклонения, дистанцирования, направленных на достижение коммуникативных намерений говорящего. В работе применен прагматический подход к анализу техник маневрирования. Теория стратегий речевого поведения в англоязычной среде Ю. Б. Кузьменковой служит основой нашего исследования. Оно выполнено на материале, отобранном из литературно-художественных источников. В работе использованы описательный метод, сравнительно-сопоставительный анализ, метод сплошной выборки. Исследование позволило выявить сходство и различие языковых средств и прагматических установок, на речевом уровне отражающих особенности стратегий поведения представителей англоязычной и русскоязычной культур в неформальных коммуникативных ситуациях. Исследование показало, что в обоих языках дополнительному смягчению побуждающих речевых актов содействует яркая эпистемическая модальность, заключенная в форме модальных глаголов, наречий меры и степени, вопросительных предложений, вводно-модальных слов, глаголов в сослагательном наклонении. Кроме перечисленных языковых средств, в русском языке различная степень модальной градации и высокая степень вежливости и неопределенности передается с помощью частиц (не, ли, бы), специфичных эмоционально-экспрессивных языковых средств и приемов. В отличие от русского языка, способы оформления англоязычных побуждающих речевых актов свидетельствуют о регулярном расхождении между семантическим значением и прагматической установкой.
The article makes an attempt to specify and compare the complex of Russian and English linguistic devices of understatement, softening, distancing aimed at achieving communicative purposes of the speaker as exemplified in fiction works. Pragmatic approach to the analysis of evasion techniques is applied in the study. The theory of speech behavior strategies in the English environment by Yu. Kuzmenkova serves the basis for the current study. The study is based on the material taken from literary works. It employed the methods of description, comparative analysis, continuous sampling. The work enables to identify some similarities and differences of linguistic devices and pragmatic purposes at the speech level reflecting strategies of behavior of the English and Russian cultures' representatives in informal communication. The study suggests that in both languages epistemic modality presented by modal verbs, degree adverbs, interrogative sentences, introductory phrases, verbs in the subjunctive mood contribute to additional mitigation of incentive speech acts. Besides the listed linguistic devices, specific particles and emotionally expressive means and techniques are used to convey different degrees of modality, politeness, indirectness in the Russian language. As opposed to Russian, the techniques of building English incentive speech acts are indicative of regular discrepancy between semantic meaning and pragmatic purpose.

Abstract: The article analyses the book on political systems and processes in the East prepared by MGIMO-University authors and edited by Alexei D. Voskressenski in order to show the differences in approach and methods used in linguistics and political science. The author shows two significant differences in present-day stressing that linguistics of the XIX century was closer to the present-day political science? As he believes. The first difference includes monism of political science approach, since the book reveals monistic scale from totalitarianism to democracy, while linguistic has abandoned the monistic view on typology. The second difference is the value-addedness of the political science approach. The value-free norm in linguistics presupposes setting up of a single standard for all speakers in order to reach full mutual understanding. In political science subjective criteria are decisive for evaluation. The article gives examples from the book to prove that political science, compared to linguistics, is not aimed at overcoming contradictions, distinguishing between the terms, avoiding unproved statements and subjective evaluations. ; Аннотация: Автор анализирует научно-методический комплекс по политическим системам и процессам на Востоке, подготовленный в МГИМО — Университете коллективом авторов под редакцией профессора А.Д. Воскресенского, и показывает отличия в подходах и методах лингвистического и политологического анализа. Выделяются два существенных различия в подходах, и в обоих случаях лингвистика XIX в. занимала позиции, близкие, как считает автор, к современным политологическим. Во-первых, современная лингвистика отказалась от монистического взгляда на типологию, в то время как научно-методический комплекс последовательно демонстрирует монизм шкалы от либеральной демократии до тоталитаризма. Во-вторых, книге, по мнению автора статьи, свойственна оценочность. Понятие нормы в лингвистике предполагает установление для всех носителей языка единого стандарта, позволяющего достичь полного взаимопонимания. В политологии решающими для оценки остаются субъективные критерии. На примерах автор демонстрирует, что в политологии, в отличие от лингвистики, не принято устранять явные противоречия, разграничивать употребляемые термины, избегать утверждений, не имеющих доказательств, и по возможности избегать субъективных оценок.

В статье рассматриваются языковые особенности в представлении СССР во французских учебных текстах на материале используемых в гимназиях и колледжах учебников под редакцией С. Бернстайна и П. Милза. Цель данной статьи - выявить языковые средства в описании роли СССР во Второй мировой войне. Обращение к материалу учебников позволяет понять основы французского миропонимания, однако языковая сторона представления Советского Союза в учебных исторических текстах на французском языке не изучена в современной лингвистике, чем обусловлена актуальность данной работы. Основными методами исследования послужил поиск и выявление в тексте французских учебников ключевых слов (Советский Союз, победа, разгром, названия стран, имена руководителей). Изучив материал исследования, авторы делают вывод, что, хотя именно СССР стал той страной, которая определила ход войны и победу над Германией, в репрезентации страны-победителя не используется лексика со значением «героизм» и «победитель». Французские учебники по истории способствуют созданию образа СССР не как страны, внесшей решающий вклад в победу над фашизмом, а в лучшем случае как помощника англосаксов и как источник потенциальной опасности.
The article examines the linguistic features of the USSR representation in educational texts on the sample of textbooks edited by S. Bernstein and P. Milza used in French gymnasiums and colleges. The article aims to identify and systematize linguistic means in describing the role of the USSR in World War II. The research seems to be scientifically important as the representation of the USSR in French educational historical texts has not been studied in modern linguistics yet, and the material of textbooks makes us understand the basics of the French world perception. The analysis of the linguistic representation of the USSR was based on the presence in the French text of such keywords as USSR / Soviet Union, victory, tournant / turning point, names of countries, cities, and names of leaders. The authors conclude that the French textbook does not consider the USSR to be the main contributor in the outcome of the war, as there are no words meaning "heroism" or "winner" when depicting the USSR. The linguistic means and techniques used by the French authors create the USSR image not as a country that played a decisive role to win the victory over fascism, but as an assistant to the Anglo-Saxons (at best) and as a source of potential danger.

The article describes the methodological algorithm of investigation of the texts of information-psychological warfare. In the Russian information environment, these texts are nominated by information attacks. The ap-proach worked out by the author includes three constituents: 1) identification of the target of the information attack (taking into account statements of officials characterizing a certain layer of information); 2) collection of the data correlated with the target; 3) analysis of the information attack content. Each of the above mentioned stages needs a certain research method aimed at solution of the corresponding problem. The data are collected with the help of the case method, while the content is studied using content analysis (the method of qualitative analysis of texts and text corpuses with the purpose of further con-tent interpretation of the revealed numerical regularities). Though the case method and content analysis are regarded as the main research methods, it seems feasible to use them in combination with other methodological approaches, which makes it possible to get a complete picture of the phenomenon under study. The use of the suggested algorithm is illustrated by the example of the information attack upon the Russian sport in foreign mass media in 2014-2014. ; В статье рассматривается методологический алгоритм изучения текстов информационно-психологической войны на примере информационной атаки на российский спорт в британских и американских СМИ.