Suchergebnisse

The duopoly market research has a long history. Due to such reasons as material supply, product pa-tent right and concession of the government, development of many economic industries is similar to the process of duopoly. In game theory, the Bertrand model which considers price to be a strategic variable is closer to reality and provides the market with more references, especially for retail market and electricity market, as the competitive world develops.Firstly, we analyze the classical Bertrand model and the Nash equilibrium in the model.Secondly, multi-agent technology is applied and the Bertrand duopoly game bidding process is con-ducted; meanwhile, in order to help agents find the optimal solutions, genetic algorithm based on multi-agent Bertrand model is chosen as the main algorithm for the research; and we finish with software im-plementation of the algorithm and with example analysis. In the end, oligopoly market bidding is also modelled in MATLAB simulation, which provides us with more accuracies and flexibilities.It is evidently shown in the model that when none of the two companies are able to meet all the de-mands in the market, the bigger the price gap, the more oscillated it is in the process; thus, the pure stra-tegic Nash equilibrium doesn't exist. However, when one of the two can offer the demands independent-ly, Nash equilibrium appears and is shown as the calculated results in Bertrand-Edgeworth model where the equilibrium reaches the cost price. Further, the reason for no pure strategic Nash Equilibrium is also discussed. ; The duopoly market research has a long history. Due to such reasons as material supply, product pa-tent right and concession of the government, development of many economic industries is similar to the process of duopoly. In game theory, the Bertrand model which considers price to be a strategic variable is closer to reality and provides the market with more references, especially for retail market and electricity market, as the competitive world develops.Firstly, we analyze the classical Bertrand model and the Nash equilibrium in the model.Secondly, multi-agent technology is applied and the Bertrand duopoly game bidding process is con-ducted; meanwhile, in order to help agents find the optimal solutions, genetic algorithm based on multi-agent Bertrand model is chosen as the main algorithm for the research; and we finish with software im-plementation of the algorithm and with example analysis. In the end, oligopoly market bidding is also modelled in MATLAB simulation, which provides us with more accuracies and flexibilities.It is evidently shown in the model that when none of the two companies are able to meet all the de-mands in the market, the bigger the price gap, the more oscillated it is in the process; thus, the pure stra-tegic Nash equilibrium doesn't exist. However, when one of the two can offer the demands independent-ly, Nash equilibrium appears and is shown as the calculated results in Bertrand-Edgeworth model where the equilibrium reaches the cost price. Further, the reason for no pure strategic Nash Equilibrium is also discussed

This paper examines the export competitiveness of the manufacturing sector in Singapore. More specifically, we examine how the existence of import content of exports, productivity gains, and profit margins affect the competitiveness of Singapore's manufacturing exports. Using proxies such as price of exports, price of imports, unit business costs, and net operating surplus over manufacturing output, we analyze our results empirically and seek to show the significance of these variables in affecting the export competitiveness in the unique case of Singapore. As price of exports and price of imports are both expressed in Singapore dollars (SGD) and this captures the exchange rate, we can assess the impact of a stronger SGD on the export competitiveness of Singapore's manufacturing sector. Traditional economic notions according to Mundell–Fleming model have predominantly assumed that the appreciation of local currency would stimulate imports and harm exports, vice versa. However, in the case of Singapore where there is a high import content in exports, our paper reveals that exports are not adversely affected by an appreciation of SGD. This is attributed to the direct causal relationship between import prices and export prices that helps to minimize the effects of a higher cost of export production brought about by appreciation, with lower import costs. Furthermore, the impacts of productivity growth and profit margins on export competitiveness are very small, supporting the notion that Singapore exporters are price-takers.

Travels literature is employed to record and describe the author's travel experience, impression and feeling which is in prose style. Its component factors and expressive means composed elements determine its multiple value system, which contain the values in literature, aesthetics, science, history, idea and politics. In order to better developing and utilizing the travels literature resources, we need systematical assortment, care arrangement and combination ,gradual realization of the digital travels literature. Keywords: Travels, Literature study, Tourism Résumé Le récit de voyage est un genre de document qui consiste à narrer et décrire par la prose ce que l'auteur voit, entent et ressent durant son voyage. Ses facteurs constituants et façcons d'expression déterminent ses multiples systèmes de valeur qui s'expriment comme suite : valeurs littéraire et esthétique, valeurs scientifique et historique, valeurs de pensée et politique. L'exploitation et l'utilisation du récit de voyage doit commencer par le recensement global des documents de voyage, l'arrangement et la combinaison des ressources d'informations touristiques et la réalisation progressive de la numérisation du récit de voyage. Mots-clés : récit de voyage, recherche du document, voyage 摘要 遊記是以散文形式記敍、抒寫作者親身旅行遊覽見聞感受的文獻類型,其構成要素與表達方式決定了多重的價值體系,主要體現為文學與美學價值、科學與史料價值、思想與政治價值。對遊記的開發利用應從全面普查遊記文獻、整合遊記資訊資源、逐步實現遊記的數位化入手。關鍵詞:遊記;文獻研究;旅遊

Abstract. The South China Sea faces widespread tsunami risks from diverse sources, including trench megathrusts, intraplate earthquakes, and landslides. However, historical and geological records to constrain worse-case simulations are scarce. The cliff-top basalt boulders on the Penghu Islands in the Taiwan Strait provide wave estimates from incipient motion formulas and stratigraphic links to the probable sources. Calibrating for ancient local sea levels and a 100-year surge indicates that storm waves in the shallow interisland bathymetry only enable boulder sliding–rolling below the 2.5 m high cliff. A minimum tsunami wave height of ∼ 3.2 m is necessary for cliff-top overflow to exceed boulder height and terminal rolling before deposition. Coeval gravels in two other outcrops also record the time and extent of tsunami deposition with beach-derived bioclasts, stranded pumices, a sharp base, matrix support, poor sorting, and elevations surpassing the 100-year surge. These gravels mark local minimum wave run-ups, reaching 2.4–4.0 m above sea level. The radiocarbon age of the studied boulder, between 1575 and 1706, suggests a probable tie to the disastrous 1661 earthquake in southwest Taiwan and the megathrust source in the northern Manila Trench.

Past studies have shown that personal subjective happiness is associated with various macro- and micro-level background factors, including environmental conditions, such as weather and the economic situation, and personal health behaviors, such as smoking and exercise. We contribute to this literature of happiness studies by using a geospatial approach to examine both macro and micro links to personal happiness. Our geospatial approach incorporates two major global datasets: representative national survey data from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and corresponding world weather data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). After processing and filtering 55,081 records of ISSP 2011 survey data from 32 countries, we extracted 5,420 records from China and 25,441 records from 28 other countries. Sensitivity analyses of different intervals for average weather variables showed that macro-level conditions, including temperature, wind speed, elevation, and GDP, are positively correlated with happiness. To distinguish the effects of weather conditions on happiness in different seasons, we also adopted climate zone and seasonal variables. The micro-level analysis indicated that better health status and eating more vegetables or fruits are highly associated with happiness. Never engaging in physical activity appears to make people less happy. The findings suggest that weather conditions, economic situations, and personal health behaviors are all correlated with levels of happiness.