Suchergebnisse

By adopting a rights-based approach, this open access book sheds light on the different legal and policy instruments that have been adopted to implement circular migration policies in the EU and their consequences for the rights of migrant workers. It contributes to the understanding of the meaning of this concept in general, in the EU, as well as more specifically with regard to its Eastern neighbourhood. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the formation and implementation of the EU's circular migration approach that has developed through both EU and national instruments on the basis of comparative case study analysis of Bulgaria and Poland's migration law and policy. Furthermore, by applying legal empirical research methods, it draws conclusions about the policy outcomes from the implementation of the various migration instruments falling under the circular migration umbrella and shows the consequences for the rights of migrant workers as a result of the application of different policy options. Along with its value to an academic audience, the book can be used by policy makers at the EU, international and national level as well as international organisations and NGOs working in the field of migration law and policy.

National audience The horizontal regulation (Article 4), introduced as part of the CAP reform (Agenda 2000), opens up the possibility for EU Member States to implement a mechanism for modulation of compensatory payments under the common agricultural policy. On the basis of data from the FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) and the development of a model for the simulation of the Berlin Agreement, the article presents a comparative analysis of the evolution of direct aid paid to agricultural holdings between 1991 and 2008, followed by an assessment of the economic consequences of the French modulation scheme. ; National audience Le règlement horizontal (article 4), institué dans le cadre de la réforme de la PAC (Agenda 2000), ouvre la possibilité aux Etats membres de l'Union de mettre en oeuvre un dispositif de modulation des paiements compensatoires de la politique agricole commune. En s'appuyant sur les données du RICA (Réseau d'information comptable agricole) et de l'élaboration d'un modèle de simulation de l'accord de Berlin, l'article présente une analyse comparée France-Allemagne de l'évolution des aides directes versées aux exploitations agricoles entre 1991 et 2008, puis une évaluation des conséquences économiques du dispositif français de modulation.

The life of the overseas Dominions in the past generation has been dominated by the related movements of democracy and nationalism. Here my concern is with a general and comparative treatment of the nature of Dominion nationalism and its influence on the relations of the Dominions to the outer world.In some important and obvious respects nationality within all the Dominions has common features: it is a growth among immigrant peoples not politically severed entirely from the parent state, and not devoid of loyalty to the parent stock; it is mainly rooted in a culture derived from an older land, and draws inspiration from no wells of a past distinctive only to itself; it cannot in the nature of things nurture the sentiment of "we alone," and it has not attempted to do so; it is expressed principally in a language common to two powerful world states, one of which has had a great literature for many centuries, and hence it has to be content only with such idioms of speech as local environment slowly brings. In all cases this Dominion nationality has a short history with the emotional shallowness of such. Its spirit is not steeped in the legendary glories of country and town. Unlike the small and intense nationalities of Europe, including the Irish, it rests its claims upon present achievements and future hopes rather than on reference to an epic past, or the tale of oppression suffered at the hands of another. In every Dominion it was both inspired by and expressed in the struggle of people for self-government and democracy, and the political institutions arid ideologies to which it is wedded have a common ancestry. It has arisen within Communities which grew big and prosperous quickly, thanks to a conjuncture of highly favourable world circumstances, notably the rapid industrialization which brought speedy benefit to frontier countries with rich natural resources and abundant land, countries linked to the heart of industrialism and world trade in the period, the British Islands. Related intimately to this circumstance was the Pax Britannica, or long era of relative peace secured by British sea power, which controlled the exits and entrances to the strategic seas and enabled the flow of people and capital, the unhampered occupation of wide territories, and the pursuit of the arts of peace to absorb these frontier communities, and thus achieve that sense of community expressed in their nationality.

Communication à ISTR 8th International Conference: "The Third Sector and Sustainable Social Change; Nex Frontiers for Research", Barcelona, July 9-12, 2008 Accepté pour publication par Comparative Social Research, vol 26, 2009 ; The European Union in its widening movement shows five clusters of Third sector organisations with complex bonds and ties with the surrounding societies and national identities In introduction, we compare briefly the Europe's Third sector features to North America's ones (Historical and ideological roots, relationship with central and local governments, sources of income and composition of the Third sector.) In a first part, the European Third sector is broken up into five clusters (Esping-Andersen, Salamon and Anheier) : Continental, Anglo-saxon, Nordic, Mediterranean and Oriental according to : * The relationship to the government (central/local, high/low level of taxation) * The ratio of social protection to GDP, the share of public social expenditure and the dominant type of social security regime * The main religions and their links with parts of the Third sector * The labour market situation (unemployment, flexibility, security) with a special attention devoted to female work (employment rate; full time or part time) in relation with volunteering. Then we give data issued from the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project (CNP2, Salamon et alii, 2004) on paid employment and volunteering, level and orientation of the partnership with the government, sources of income in every cluster. The second part is devoted to the question of a likely converging evolution of these clusters : * A faster growth rate in new member states makes them catch up gradually the other ones and choose "best practices" regarding social policies and social security regimes * The trend to decentralisation in larger member states combined with the retrenchment of central government is in favour of local solutions to local issues and of public-private partnerships especially with nonprofit organisations. * Despite the ambiguities of its policy towards civil society organizations, European authorities expect them filling the gap of democracy and fighting European bureaucracies. ; Alors que l'Union Européenne s'élargit, on peut distinguer cinq modèles de Tiers secteur entretenant des relations complexes avec la société et l'identité nationale. En introduction, on compare brièvement les Tiers-secteurs européen et américain (racines historiques et idéologiques, relations à l'Etat central ou local, composition et origine des ressources) En première partie, le Tiers Secteur européen est scindé en cinq secteurs (Esping-Andersen, Salamon and Anheier): Continental, Anglo-saxon, Nordic, Medterranean, Oriental) selon; - la relation à l'Etat - le poids relatif de la protection sociale, la part socialisée et le type dominant de régime de sécurité sociale - les liens entre Tiers secteur et religion(s) dominante(s) - la situation du marché du travail, avec une attention spéciale au travail féminin, en relation avec le bénévolat Ensuite, à partir des données du programme comparatif Johns Hopkins (CNP2), nous montrons comment se structure le partenariat avec le gouvernement dans chaque modèle. La seconde partie est consacrée à une possible convergence des modèles: - les nouveaux pays membres ont des taux de croissance plus élevés que les anciens. D'où un rattrapage graduel, renforcé par l'adoption des "meilleures pratiques" en politique sociale - la tendance à la décentralisation dans les grands pays, jointe au repli de l'Etat central, en faveur de solutions locales aux problèmes locaux et du partenariat public-privé favorisent les organisations à but non lucratif - En dépit des ambiguités, les autorités européennes espèrent que les organisations de la société civile comblent une partie du gap démocratique et luttent contre la bureaucracie Européenne.

Goal. The article reveals the importance of innovative ideas I.V. Vernadsky on the history of economic thought and political economy. Two main directions of development of economic science are defined: positive and negative. The main theoretical problems of formation of political economy as a science, place in the system of economic sciences, unity and difference of components of political economy are analyzed. The fruitful activity of I.V. Vernadsky in the organization of science at Kiev University of St. Vladimir. Method. To achieve this goal used a wide range of general and special methods of scientific knowledge: scientific abstraction, deduction, analysis and synthesis to determine the ideological and theoretical sources I.V. Vernadsky as a supporter of historical and comparative analysis of various economic and theoretical schools, some provisions and hypotheses expressed by their representatives. Results. The article systematically and comprehensively analyzes in historical-evolutionary, ideological-philosophical, theoretical and practical contexts economic and political views of I.V. Vernadsky. It is argued that the scientist carried out scientific research and development in various fields of economics and was unique and original, but the vast majority of his works are devoted to political economy. It is revealed that in his political and economic views I.V. Vernadsky was mainly in the position of classical political economy, especially the English classics. Scientific novelty. It is theoretically substantiated that the most important political, economic and methodological imperatives of I.V. Vernadsky is a comparative analysis and opposition of bourgeois relations to pre-bourgeois. He believed that political economy was a science that discovered "natural laws" and helped pave the way for their implementation. Practical significance. The formulated and proposed results and practical conclusions of the article are that I.V. Vernadsky in his research and publications advocated the free development of all spheres of the economy. This approach was and is inherent in classical political economy. He focused the classical economic theory on the identification and study of the most fundamental and significant foundations of economic life of society, the laws that determine the functioning and development of the economy. ; Мета. У статті розкривається значення новаторських ідей І.В. Вернадського з історії економічної думки і політичної економії. Визначено два основні напрями розвитку економічної науки: позитивний і негативний. Проаналізовано основні теоретичні проблеми становлення політичної економії як науки, місце в системі економічних наук, єдність і відмінність складових політичної економії. Показано плідна діяльність І.В. Вернадського в організаціі науки в Київському університеті Св. Володимира. Методика. Для досягнення поставленої мети використано широкий спектр загальнонаукових та спеціальних методів наукового пізнання: наукового абстрагування, дедукції, аналізу та синтезу для визначення ідейно-теоретичних джерел І.В. Вернадського як прибічника історично-порівняльного аналізу різних економіко-теоретичних шкіл, окремих положень і гіпотез, висловлених їхніми представниками. Результати. У статті системно та комплексно проаналізовано в історико-еволюційному, ідейно-філософському, теоретичному та практичному контекстах економіко-політичні погляди І.В. Вернадського. Аргументовано, що вчений здійснював наукові розвідки та розробки на різних ділянках економічної науки і був у цьому унікальним і оригінальним, але переважна кількість його праць присвячена політичній економії. Виявлено, що у своїх політекономічних поглядах І.В. Вернадський стояв переважно на позиціях класичної політичної економії, передусім англійської класики. Наукова новизна. Теоретично обґрунтовано, що найвагомішими політико-економічними і методологічними імперативами І.В. Вернадського є порівняльний аналіз та протиставлення буржуазних відносин добуржуазним. Він вважав, що політична економія – це наука, що відкриває «природні закони» і допомагає прокласти шлях до їх здійснення. Практична значимість. Сформульовані та запропоновані результати та практичні висновки статті полягають у тому, що І.В. Вернадський у своїх дослідженнях і публікаціях відстоював вільний розвиток усіх сфер економіки. Такий підхід був і є властивим класичній політичній економії. Він орієнтував класичну економічну теорію на виявлення та дослідження найбільш фундаментальних і значимих основ економічної життєдіяльності суспільства, законів, що визначають функціонування та розвиток економіки.

The subject of the research is the development process of the state financial control in Russia. The research methodology consisted of a legalistic, analytical methods and a systematic approach. ; Elena Chernikova - Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russia ; Maxim Prokoshin - Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russia ; Elena Chernikova – Professor, Doctor of Law, Candidate of Economics. Head of Department of Legal Regulation of Economy and Finance Institute of Public Administration and Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. Research topics: Financial Law, Comparative Law, Judicial Power & Legal Procedures. Author of more than 200 scientific publications in Russian and English. Member of Centre for Information and Research Organisation in Public Finance and Tax Law in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Member of International Association of Financial Law (Russia). ; Maxim Prokoshin – Candidate of Sciences, Docent of the Department of Legal Regulation of Economy and Finances Institute of Public Administration and Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. Member of the Centre for Information and Research Organisation in the Public Finance and Tax Law in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Research topics: Tax law, Budget law, Business law, Comparative Law. Author of more than 43 scientific publications in Russian and English. ; Elena Chernikova: ec8064@mail.ru ; 36 ; 39 ; 12-13 ; Chernikova E., Vysotskaya O. (2010), Financial security as an element of the state national security system, "Law" no. 7. ; Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 (Journals of Laws N 237). ; Federal Law of 19.07.2018 "On Amendments to the Budget Code of the Russian Federation" and Article 4 of the Federal Law "On Amendments to the Budget Code of the Russian Federation and Recognizing Certain Provisions of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" (Journals of Laws N 222-FZ). ; The Budget Code of the Russian Federation of 31.08.1998 (Journals of Laws No. 145-FZ). ; Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 15 April 2014, "On Approval of the State Program of the Russian Federation Management of Public Finances and Regulation of Financial Markets" (Journals of Laws No. 320). ; Resolution of the Third Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 8 of April 2015 (Journals of Laws No. 03АP-1240/15). ; Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 30 December 2013 "On the Program for Improving the Efficiency of Managing Public (State and Municipal) Finances for the Period until 2018" (Journals of Laws No. 2593-p). ; Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 03.10.2018 "On Approval of the Standard for the Federal Treasury to Implement Internal State Financial Control" Verification of the provision from the federal budget of subsidies to federal budget and autonomous institutions and / or their use (Journals of Laws N 203n). ; Draft federal law "On Amendments to the Budget Code of the Russian Federation in terms of improving state (municipal) financial control, internal financial control and internal financial audit", adopted on 1 reading of 19.09.2018 (Journals of Laws N 493988-7). ; Official Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 29 December 2014, "On compensation for damage to a constituent entity of the Russian Federation caused by a violation of the budget legislation of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts regulating budget legal relations" (N 02-01-10 / 68389). ; Official Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 14 July 2014 "On the requirements contained in the orders of the bodies of state (municipal) financial control" (N 02-10-09 / 34216).

Today's environmental policy is a complex phenomenon which not only operates on the level of environmental protection, but also has to take into account economic and societal factors. Such interdisciplinarity requires developed theoretical and methodological instruments. There is a variety of scientific papers in Ukraine and abroad which focus on the problems of environmental policy, though most of the researchers tend to use general methodology of social sciences, economics or law, while Ukrainian political science still stands aside.The purpose of the article is to define a certain set of methods to be used for political analysis of environmental policy. Any public policy can be explored on different stages of its realisation: starting from agenda setting and strategy formulation and ending with monitoring and evaluation. This article investigates the methodology for assessing policy efficiency on the stage of implementation and evaluation (results assessment). Comparative (cross-national) analysis is taken as a general scientific approach, since it gives an opportunity to narrow down the subject of a research and investigate similarities and differences of certain political phenomena. While exploring environmental policy as a process, it could be expedient to combine comparative approach with certain empirical methods, such as event analysis, case study and document analysis. Thus, event analysis could be of help if the aim of the research is to define the stages of policy development and institutionalisation, see the connections between certain events in the past and the present and assess policy efficiency in historical context. In turn, case study is a perfect method when it comes to investigation of particular subjects or layers of environmental policy. For example, both the Kyoto protocol and the Aarhus convention are remarkable international agreements (being the basis of current environmental policy), and could be used as indicators for policy efficiency. The investigation of those documents implementation can show what the problems of policy implementation are; what the system of relations between economy and ecology is in a given country; how well the environmental democracy is developed in the society; what the roles of civil society, the government and judicial system are in the environmental decision-making, etc.Environmental policy has its own goals, and to define whether those are reached or not, the researcher might want to analyse policy results. If the welfare of people and the environment is the main purpose of environmental policy, then the parameters which define the condition of those should be explored. There are many different indicators which can be of use, several are considered in this article. Human Development Index (HDI) used by the UNDP is a complex indicator which includes economic, societal and health parameters. HDI is a mediated indicator, yet it shows what the population condition is in the country, and so whether the policy is effective or not. Environmental Performance Index is another relevant indicator which represents the general state of ecosystems and environment in a given country. Apart from the indexes mentioned, there is a set of indicators listed in the Strategy of National Environmental Policy of Ukraine (until the year 2030) which also might be used to assess the effectiveness of environmental policy implementation. ; Стаття являє собою спробу виділити певний комплекс методів, які можуть бути корисними для дослідження особливостей реалізації екологічної політики. Як рекомендації запропоновані такі підходи й методи: порівняльний підхід, івент-аналіз, кейс-стаді, аналіз документів та статистичних даних.

Today's environmental policy is a complex phenomenon which not only operates on the level of environmental protection, but also has to take into account economic and societal factors. Such interdisciplinarity requires developed theoretical and methodological instruments. There is a variety of scientific papers in Ukraine and abroad which focus on the problems of environmental policy, though most of the researchers tend to use general methodology of social sciences, economics or law, while Ukrainian political science still stands aside.The purpose of the article is to define a certain set of methods to be used for political analysis of environmental policy. Any public policy can be explored on different stages of its realisation: starting from agenda setting and strategy formulation and ending with monitoring and evaluation. This article investigates the methodology for assessing policy efficiency on the stage of implementation and evaluation (results assessment). Comparative (cross-national) analysis is taken as a general scientific approach, since it gives an opportunity to narrow down the subject of a research and investigate similarities and differences of certain political phenomena. While exploring environmental policy as a process, it could be expedient to combine comparative approach with certain empirical methods, such as event analysis, case study and document analysis. Thus, event analysis could be of help if the aim of the research is to define the stages of policy development and institutionalisation, see the connections between certain events in the past and the present and assess policy efficiency in historical context. In turn, case study is a perfect method when it comes to investigation of particular subjects or layers of environmental policy. For example, both the Kyoto protocol and the Aarhus convention are remarkable international agreements (being the basis of current environmental policy), and could be used as indicators for policy efficiency. The investigation of those documents implementation can show what the problems of policy implementation are; what the system of relations between economy and ecology is in a given country; how well the environmental democracy is developed in the society; what the roles of civil society, the government and judicial system are in the environmental decision-making, etc.Environmental policy has its own goals, and to define whether those are reached or not, the researcher might want to analyse policy results. If the welfare of people and the environment is the main purpose of environmental policy, then the parameters which define the condition of those should be explored. There are many different indicators which can be of use, several are considered in this article. Human Development Index (HDI) used by the UNDP is a complex indicator which includes economic, societal and health parameters. HDI is a mediated indicator, yet it shows what the population condition is in the country, and so whether the policy is effective or not. Environmental Performance Index is another relevant indicator which represents the general state of ecosystems and environment in a given country. Apart from the indexes mentioned, there is a set of indicators listed in the Strategy of National Environmental Policy of Ukraine (until the year 2030) which also might be used to assess the effectiveness of environmental policy implementation. ; Стаття являє собою спробу виділити певний комплекс методів, які можуть бути корисними для дослідження особливостей реалізації екологічної політики. Як рекомендації запропоновані такі підходи й методи: порівняльний підхід, івент-аналіз, кейс-стаді, аналіз документів та статистичних даних.

A company – profit-making economics subject. The main objective of any company is to get profit from its activity. Profit is the main indicator of company work, which is influenced by incomes and expenses. Accordingly, to achieve a good result the company needs to increase its incomes and to reduce expenses as much as it can. Better results of company work are influenced by expense reducing, which is very relevant not only to directors but also to consumers. The subject of the Master's Work in Finance Management is actual, because financial situation of selected joint-stock company (JSC) "Kėdbusas" is typical like in majority of such companies in Lithuania, so that's why authoress chose to analyse company income and expense in order to find out reasons of loss-making and to put forward a proposal about possible solutions of the problem. The problem of research. What is an influence of income and expense and their accounting for the company results. The subject of research. JSC "Kėdbusas" income and expensediture, acounting and the influence for company results. The aim of research. To estimate the influence of income and expense for company results and to put forward a proposal for income and expenditure optimization. The tasks of research: 1. To do analysis of income and expense conception interpretation. 2. To offer the theory of income and expenditure composition, accounting and their recognition. 3. To analyse the accounting policy of company, its income and expenditure recognition. 4. To do JSC "Kėdbusas" income and expenditure SWOT analysis using interview and documentation analysis. 5. To make horizontal, vertical (structure) and comparative analysis of company income and expenditure. 6. To estimate the influence of income and expenditure for company results. Hypothesis of research. The optimization of income and expense bearing would let work more profitably. Methods of research. Nonfiction problem-oriented analysis, analysis of documents of law, descriptive method, statistic data analysis and periphrastic method, documents analysis method, income and expenditure SWOT analysis, mathematical analysis method. There are proposed both national and foreign organic literary academic review in this study. The authoress of the study, with reference to documentation analysis and interview, gives JSC "Kėdbusas" income and expense SWOT analysis that reveals company strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Also with made horizontal, vertical (structure) and comparative analysis of company income and expense, the authoress tries to perceive the optimization opportunities of income and expense. Analyses that are done in this paper proves that the company financial situation is tricky, past three years wastes are rising. Financial analysis showed up that the big influence for company results has income reduction caused of increased value-added tax (VAT), increased fuel expenditure caused of continually increasing fuel costs, huge expenditure of maintenance and rather huge expenditure of common and administrative works. In order to improve financial results the company needs to increase income and reduce expense. That's why company must create marketing plan in order to coherently use all market means: improve price policy, service publicity, realize market novelties, increase company activity and enterprise. Also the company needs to make long-term strategic plan that would help to plan financial and labouring resources coherently, to arrange investment and other projects therein EU table-money. The structure of the study: introduction, three chapters in which are given company income and expense academic analysis, JSC "Kėdbusas" research methodology of income and expense, JSC "Kėdbusas" income and expense analysis,,conclusion and suggestions, the list of literature and additions.

A company – profit-making economics subject. The main objective of any company is to get profit from its activity. Profit is the main indicator of company work, which is influenced by incomes and expenses. Accordingly, to achieve a good result the company needs to increase its incomes and to reduce expenses as much as it can. Better results of company work are influenced by expense reducing, which is very relevant not only to directors but also to consumers. The subject of the Master's Work in Finance Management is actual, because financial situation of selected joint-stock company (JSC) "Kėdbusas" is typical like in majority of such companies in Lithuania, so that's why authoress chose to analyse company income and expense in order to find out reasons of loss-making and to put forward a proposal about possible solutions of the problem. The problem of research. What is an influence of income and expense and their accounting for the company results. The subject of research. JSC "Kėdbusas" income and expensediture, acounting and the influence for company results. The aim of research. To estimate the influence of income and expense for company results and to put forward a proposal for income and expenditure optimization. The tasks of research: 1. To do analysis of income and expense conception interpretation. 2. To offer the theory of income and expenditure composition, accounting and their recognition. 3. To analyse the accounting policy of company, its income and expenditure recognition. 4. To do JSC "Kėdbusas" income and expenditure SWOT analysis using interview and documentation analysis. 5. To make horizontal, vertical (structure) and comparative analysis of company income and expenditure. 6. To estimate the influence of income and expenditure for company results. Hypothesis of research. The optimization of income and expense bearing would let work more profitably. Methods of research. Nonfiction problem-oriented analysis, analysis of documents of law, descriptive method, statistic data analysis and periphrastic method, documents analysis method, income and expenditure SWOT analysis, mathematical analysis method. There are proposed both national and foreign organic literary academic review in this study. The authoress of the study, with reference to documentation analysis and interview, gives JSC "Kėdbusas" income and expense SWOT analysis that reveals company strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Also with made horizontal, vertical (structure) and comparative analysis of company income and expense, the authoress tries to perceive the optimization opportunities of income and expense. Analyses that are done in this paper proves that the company financial situation is tricky, past three years wastes are rising. Financial analysis showed up that the big influence for company results has income reduction caused of increased value-added tax (VAT), increased fuel expenditure caused of continually increasing fuel costs, huge expenditure of maintenance and rather huge expenditure of common and administrative works. In order to improve financial results the company needs to increase income and reduce expense. That's why company must create marketing plan in order to coherently use all market means: improve price policy, service publicity, realize market novelties, increase company activity and enterprise. Also the company needs to make long-term strategic plan that would help to plan financial and labouring resources coherently, to arrange investment and other projects therein EU table-money. The structure of the study: introduction, three chapters in which are given company income and expense academic analysis, JSC "Kėdbusas" research methodology of income and expense, JSC "Kėdbusas" income and expense analysis,,conclusion and suggestions, the list of literature and additions.

As the global financial crisis is started, investors are trying to look for new investment methods. During the meltdown of most shares, share investments are becoming unattractive, it decreases the liquidity of the exchange itself. As bears are dominating in share markets, more and more investors choose various alternatives of investments. One of them is Exchange Traded Funds, therefore a closer acquaintance with the management, features and advantages of these funds is needed. In order to choose the best combination of ETF funds while forming an investment portfolio, analysis of ETF fund results and created risk is required, as well as determination of how these funds match in one portfolio and what result can be obtained. The object of research – Exchange Traded Funds, as means of risk decreasing. The purpose of this work – to perform evaluation of Exchange Traded Funds and different risks ETF portfolios that were formed according to the created model. To fulfill the purpose the following most important tasks were set: to discuss the features and types of ETF funds and to analyze advantages and disadvantages of the funds arising because of distinctive features of ETF, to distinguish the differences of ETF funds from traditional investment funds, to analyze possible ETF funds portfolio management methods, to analyze the dependence of risks and profitability as well as measuring of ETF funds and portfolio formed of them, to distinguish forming and management strategies of ETF funds investment portfolio and to create a ETF funds forming model according to the distinguished strategies, to analyze the results of ETF funds and to form investment portfolios of different risks according to the created model and to perform the evaluation of them. After analysis of profitability and risks of ETF funds it was determined that according to the results of the analyzed period the best one is the ETF of Latin America, as well as ETF depending on the price of gold. As the financial crisis is deepened, the main share indexes in many geographical regions dropped to great extent, but in the end of March of the year 2009 a period of sudden and constant rising started. This rising was influenced by the fact that economics of countries started to recover because of the economic stimulus package by governments, and investors directed the amount of money increased because of the economic stimulus to the financial instruments of higher risks. After analysis of the investment portfolios it was discovered that only the results of portfolio of aggressive risks were better than those of the comparative index. While analyzing the portfolios it was noticed that general risk of the portfolio depends not only on the instruments in the portfolio, it is also influenced by the investment period of the portfolio, because during the financial crisis the risks and profitability of ETF obligations was distorted to great extent. The market of obligations was highly instable because of the liquidity of obligations in market and share market that was later decreasing, therefore the risks of ETF obligations, even such as substantially non risky 10 – 20 years obligations of USA government, increased to great extent. It was noticed that it is difficult to choose the comparative index when forming the portfolio according to strategies of active distribution, block building or combined strategy of active distribution and block building, or by including the ETF funds of color metals and raw materials into the portfolio and later carrying out evaluation of it.

As the global financial crisis is started, investors are trying to look for new investment methods. During the meltdown of most shares, share investments are becoming unattractive, it decreases the liquidity of the exchange itself. As bears are dominating in share markets, more and more investors choose various alternatives of investments. One of them is Exchange Traded Funds, therefore a closer acquaintance with the management, features and advantages of these funds is needed. In order to choose the best combination of ETF funds while forming an investment portfolio, analysis of ETF fund results and created risk is required, as well as determination of how these funds match in one portfolio and what result can be obtained. The object of research – Exchange Traded Funds, as means of risk decreasing. The purpose of this work – to perform evaluation of Exchange Traded Funds and different risks ETF portfolios that were formed according to the created model. To fulfill the purpose the following most important tasks were set: to discuss the features and types of ETF funds and to analyze advantages and disadvantages of the funds arising because of distinctive features of ETF, to distinguish the differences of ETF funds from traditional investment funds, to analyze possible ETF funds portfolio management methods, to analyze the dependence of risks and profitability as well as measuring of ETF funds and portfolio formed of them, to distinguish forming and management strategies of ETF funds investment portfolio and to create a ETF funds forming model according to the distinguished strategies, to analyze the results of ETF funds and to form investment portfolios of different risks according to the created model and to perform the evaluation of them. After analysis of profitability and risks of ETF funds it was determined that according to the results of the analyzed period the best one is the ETF of Latin America, as well as ETF depending on the price of gold. As the financial crisis is deepened, the main share indexes in many geographical regions dropped to great extent, but in the end of March of the year 2009 a period of sudden and constant rising started. This rising was influenced by the fact that economics of countries started to recover because of the economic stimulus package by governments, and investors directed the amount of money increased because of the economic stimulus to the financial instruments of higher risks. After analysis of the investment portfolios it was discovered that only the results of portfolio of aggressive risks were better than those of the comparative index. While analyzing the portfolios it was noticed that general risk of the portfolio depends not only on the instruments in the portfolio, it is also influenced by the investment period of the portfolio, because during the financial crisis the risks and profitability of ETF obligations was distorted to great extent. The market of obligations was highly instable because of the liquidity of obligations in market and share market that was later decreasing, therefore the risks of ETF obligations, even such as substantially non risky 10 – 20 years obligations of USA government, increased to great extent. It was noticed that it is difficult to choose the comparative index when forming the portfolio according to strategies of active distribution, block building or combined strategy of active distribution and block building, or by including the ETF funds of color metals and raw materials into the portfolio and later carrying out evaluation of it.

Global comparative statistics have become a major mode of international political communication. One prominent case in point is the Millennium Development Goals as defined by the United Nations in 2000. The article contributes to a critical discussion of their functioning by designing a framework for the study of global statistics. Historians of statistics have so far largely focused on the national level and posited a strong connection between calculating social instances and governing collectives. The category of the nation was one of the foremost effects of statistics, and numbers have helped in strengthening national institutions. But what about the international realm in which the Millennium Development Goals are located? The leading question of this article is to what extent a co-construction of statistics and political institutions can also be found in the analysis of global statistics. The focus lies on statistical practices in East Africa in the epoch of late imperial rule and during decolonization. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is of special interest. Statistical knowledge was surprisingly incomplete and became a major issue only with the formation of new states and new international organizations post-1945. Statistical knowledge as represented in the Millennium Development Goals works through a radical reduction of complexity and necessarily renders a biased image of the world. In contrast to the national level, on the international level no single center of calculation emerged with the growing power of statistics. (author's abstract)

International audience Although the empirical literature on the determinants of economic growth volatility highlights a robust stabilizing effect of democratic regimes compared to dictatorships, no study focused so far on identifying the precise political institutions explaining this stabilizing effect. We open the political institutions black-box associated to democratic regimes, and study the effects of disaggregated political institutions on macroeconomic volatility along five institutional dimensions, namely forms of government, electoral rules, state forms, the number of veto players, and the age of democracies. Using a large panel of 140 countries over 1975-2007, we show that institutional details are of crucial importance, since the stabilizing effect of democracies depends on the precise institutional dimensions at work. Thus, our study contributes to the institutional design debate, by showing that the simple promotion of democratic regimes might not be sufficient to foster a more stable development path.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- The Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Part 1. Introduction -- Chapter 1. Rural Tourism as Sustainable Business: Key Themes and Issues / Mitchell, Morag / Hall, Derek -- Part 2. Strategic Considerations -- Chapter 2. Rural Tourism Policy: European Perspectives / Nylander, Mirja / Hall, Derek -- Chapter 3. Rural Tourism Business: A North American Overview / Timothy, Dallen J. -- Chapter 4. Legislative Frameworks for Rural Tourism: Comparative Studies from Spain / Priestley, Gerda K. / Cánoves, Gemma / Segui, Miquel / Villarino, Montserrat -- Chapter 5. Effective Marketing for Rural Tourism / Clarke, Jackie -- Chapter 6. Exploitation of ICT for Rural Tourism Enterprises: The Case of Aragon, Spain / Evans, Graeme / Parravicini, Paola -- Part 3. Networks, Partnerships and Community Support -- Chapter 7. Cooperative Marketing Structures in Rural Tourism: The Irish Case / Gorman, Catherine -- Chapter 8. Regional Cooperation in Rural Theme Trails / Meyer-Cech, Kim -- Chapter 9. Rural Wine and Food Tourism Cluster and Network Development / Hall, C. Michael -- Chapter 10. Globalisation, Rural Tourism and Community Power / Mair, Heather / Reid, Donald G. / George, Wanda -- Chapter 11. The Development of Tourism Businesses in Rural Communities: The Case of the Maroons of Jamaica / Chambers, Donna -- Chapter 12. Farm Tourism Cooperation in Taiwan / Lee, Ming-Huang -- Part 4. Quality Sustainable Business -- Chapter 13. Quality as a Key Driver in Sustainable Rural Tourism Businesses / Youell, Ray / Wornell, Roz -- Chapter 14 Rural Tourism Businesses and Environmental Management Systems / Leslie, David -- Chapter 15. Researching the Links Between Environmental Quality Kite Marks and Local Tourism Business Performance: A Discourse Analysis of the Welsh Rural Beach Quality 'Green Coast Award' / Botterill, David / Nelson, Cliff -- Chapter 16. Entrepreneurial Personality Traits in Managing Rural Tourism and Sustainable Business / Schiebel, Walter -- Chapter 17. Business Development, Rural Tourism, and the Implications of Milieu / Williams, Fiona / Copus, Andrew -- Chapter 18. Sustainable Rural Tourism Business Practice: Progress and Policy in South East Cornwall / Vernon, Jon / Essex, Stephen / Curry, Kaja -- Part 5. Conclusion -- Chapter 19. Rural Tourism Business as Sustained and Sustainable Development? / Hall, Derek / Mitchell, Morag -- Index