Suchergebnisse

Biodiversité microbienne des sols : du territoire national aux agriculteurs My speech will focus on the development of a biogeographical approach to study the spatial distribution of soil microbial community in terms of abundance and diversity on the scale of France. We have reached this goal by the application of molecular tools based on soil DNA extraction and characterization on the 2200 soils of the French national monitoring network. This approach enabled us to draw the biogeographical patterns of molecular microbial biomass as well as bacterial community richness and evenness on the scale of France. By this way we have identified and rank the several ecological processes involved in community assembly as well as the different environmental drivers. In addition, we have also revisited the concept of taxa area relationship for microorganisms at this scale. The set of microbial data obtained from the RQMS survey enabled us to build up the first reference system of soil microbiology on a broad scale. My speech will end with the demonstration that these molecular microbial tools can be operational to diagnose soil quality in an agricultural network of 250 farms distributed across France. Presentation congrès : Les sols représentent l'épiderme vivant de la planète qui supporte la production d'aliments, de fibre et de bois, qui purifie l'eau et l'air, contribuant ainsi à la santé humaine. Les organismes du sol, allant des bactéries et protistes microscopiques aux vers de terre, coléoptères et taupes, remplissent des tâches essentielles, dans les écosystèmes naturels et anthropisés, qui rendent possible la vie sur Terre. Ces organismes représentent des acteurs-clé des transformations des nutriments et de leurs cycles ; ils impactent la décomposition et la dynamique de la matière organique dans les sols, le stockage du carbone dans le sols et l'émission de gaz à effet de serre ; les interactions symbiotiques des champignons mycorhiziens et des bactéries fixatrices d'azote avec les plantes promeuvent le niveau et l'efficacité de la nutrition des plantes ; les prédateurs et antagonistes des ravageurs et agents phytopathogènes assurent une protection biologique des plantes, certains organismes du sol sont de plus capables de stimuler les réactions de défense des plantes contre ces ravageurs et pathogènes, l'ensemble de ces interactions contribuant à la santé des plantes. Malheureusement, la remarquable biodiversité des sols est soumise à des pressions majeures du fait de la gestion parfois inappropriée des sols. En réponse aux challenges urgents associés à la gestion durable des sols et à la préservation de la vie dans ces sols, une action collective s'est mise en place. Elle mobilise des chercheurs dans des domaines variés et complémentaires. La publication du premier atlas mondial de la biodiversité des sols 'Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas' représente une première réalisation remarquable de cette action collective. Le 'Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas' paru en mai 2016 est le résultat d'un effort collaboratif entre le 'Joint Research Centre' de la Commission Européenne et l'initiative mondiale de biodiversité des sols 'Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative'. Il présente pour la première fois une vue globale de la biodiversité des sols qu'ils soient soumis ou non à l'action humaine. L'Atlas représente un effort scientifique international majeur comprenant la contribution de plus de 120 experts issus de 26 pays différents. Les progrès rapides dans le développement de nouvelles technologies d'analyse du vivant, en particulier dans le domaine de la biologie moléculaire, mais également les nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication ont facilité l'effort collectif qui a conduit à la réalisation du 'Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas'. Cependant, cet Atlas serait resté incomplet sans l'apport de collaborations globales qui ont permis l'émergence de nouvelles synthèses et analyses de l'importance des organismes du sol à la surface du globe. Les huit chapitres de l'Atlas couvrent tous les aspects de la biodiversité des sols, allant de la taxonomie, la distribution géographique, les services écosystémiques, les menaces, les interventions et politique de gestion des sols en relation avec la biodiversité. L'ouvrage a été conçu pour s'adresser à un large public, aux politiciens mais également aux chercheurs et techniciens. Plus de 800 images, plus de 50 cartes et des centaines d'encadrés conduisent le lecteur au travers un voyage fantastique au coeur de la vie des sols. Cet Atlas a pour ambition de contribuer à rendre chacun et chacune conscient de l'importance et de la beauté de organismes vivants dans le sol et d'attirer l'attention et le respect qu'ils méritent. Ce symposium a pour objectif le lancement en France du 'Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas'. Cela représente une occasion unique de présenter des initiatives européenne et mondiale relatives à la biodiversité des sols et d'illustrer les avancées de connaissances, de stratégies d'études et de gestion durable des sols en relation avec leur biodiversité dans des environnements variés par des experts européens et mondiaux, dont certains ont contribué à l'Atlas. Titre en anglais : Launch in France of the Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas

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This article analyzes the publications relating to the problem of tax evasion. This topic is attractive not only for the academic community, but also for public at whole. The article explores to what extent the scientific publications on tax evasion correspond to practical issues discussed among the stakeholders. We used the electronic database of e-Library as a source of scientific publications on the subject. The principal stakeholders directly dependent on the taxation are the taxpayers and public authorities. We used the electronic database of publications «Kommersant» publishing house and the «Rossiyskaya Gazeta» to reflect issues discussed among the stakeholders. We selected for analyze 301 publications for the period of 2013-2015. The study was conducted by comparing the publication activity by types and period of publications. In the first stage of the study we have done the qualitative content analysis by identification the common themes discussed in hole sample of publications. Then, a quantitative analysis was conducted by comparing the distribution of publications on a particular topic from each source. We used bibliometric analysis method for the quantitative and bibliographic mapping method to visualize the results of research. Calculations were performed using the software QDA Miner v.5.0 module WordStat v.7.1.7. As a result, studies have concluded that the most popular topics of interest for which no changes are: changes in legislation, legislation and increased enforcement. Using the results of the conducted study, we can identify the main similarities and differences between the monitored sources. We can see the special attention to the: Legislation changes, Law enforcement, Entrepreneurship. Marked reduction of interest can be noted regarding to the following topics: International aspects of taxation, Shadow economy, Ownership, property, investment. The growth of interest can be noted in relation to the following topics: Directorship, Article of the Tax Code, Short-lived companies, Arrears and fines. The study revealed a certain disparity between the topics discussed among academic community and stakeholders. The topics discussed in the majority of scientific texts (shadow economy, corruption, the firm one-day, social security contributions), a much rarer can be found in the publication of «Kommersant» and «Rossiyskaya Gazeta» which focuses mainly on matters of legislation. Analysis of the relationships in the texts according to the source and year of publication showed that research topics converge with issues considered by the public authorities. The business community more involved in discussion the legal issues, because the government notion works upon the impression about tax evasion of the business community and academia. Thus, bibliometric text analysis techniques can be used for research, preparation of literature reviews and thematic information retrieval. ; Статья посвящена анализу публикаций, касающихся проблемы уклонения от уплаты налогов. Эта тема привлекает пристальное внимание не только научного сообщества. В статье исследуется соответствие проблематики научных работ по уклонению от уплаты налогов практическим вопросам, обсуждаемым заинтересованными лицами. В качестве источника научных публикаций по данной тематике использовалась электронная база e-Library. В круг заинтересованных лиц, напрямую зависящих от правил налогообложения, входят бизнессообщество и государственные органы. Для них источниками информации по исследуемой теме являются электронная база публикаций издательского дома «Коммерсантъ» и «Российская газета». Для анализа отобрана 301 публикация за 2013-2015 гг. Изучение соответствия проблематики проводилось путем сравнения публикационной активности в разрезе видов публикаций. На первом этапе исследования был выполнен качественный контент-анализ посредством выявления общих тем, обсуждаемых в публикациях. Затем проводился количественный анализ через сравнение распределения публикаций по конкретной теме из каждого источника. Для количественного анализа и визуализации результатов использовались методы библиометрического анализа и картирования. Расчеты производились с помощью программного продукта QDA Miner v.5.0 модуль WordStat v.7.1.7. В результате исследования были сделаны выводы, что самыми популярными темами, интерес к которым не меняется, являются: изменение законодательства, законотворчество и усиление принуждения. Темы, к которым за рассматриваемый период снизился интерес, касаются международных аспектов налогообложения, теневой деятельности, собственности и инвестиций. Отмечено выраженное возрастание интереса сообщества к фирмам-однодневкам, руководству компаний, а также к вопросам штрафов и пени. Исследование позволило выявить определенное несоответствие тем, обсуждаемых бизнесом и властью, по сравнению с темами научных публикаций. Распространенные в научных публикациях темы (теневая экономика, коррупция, фирмы-однодневки, взносы на социальное страхование), гораздо реже встречаются на ресурсах издательского дома «Коммерсантъ» и в «Российской газете», сосредотачивающих основное внимание на вопросах законотворчества и обсуждения изменений в законодательстве. Анализ взаимосвязей в текстах в соответствии с источниками и годом публикации показал, что темы научных исследований сближаются с проблемами, рассматриваемыми властью, а бизнес-сообщество в большей степени вовлекается обсуждение правовой проблематики, т. е. точка зрения власти во многом определяет обсуждение темы уклонения от налогов бизнес-сообществом, и научными кругами. Таким образом, библиометрические методы анализа текстов могут применяться для проведения научных исследований, составления обзоров литературы и тематического поиска информации.

Zunino, E. (2018). La cobertura mediática del "conflicto campo – gobierno" de 2008 en la prensa gráfica argentina. Un estudio comparativo de las agendas informativas sobre la Resolución Nº 125/08 de los diarios Clarín, La Nación y Página/12. (Tesis de posgrado). Bernal, Argentina : Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. ; La resolución Nº 125/08 fue anunciada por el Poder Ejecutivo Nacional el 11 de marzo de 2008. La norma estipulaba un aumento en los derechos de exportación que debían tributar los principales productos del agro pampeano y establecía la movilidad del gravamen asociada a la cotización de los commodities en el mercado internacional. Dos días después del anuncio oficial, la Sociedad Rural Argentina, Confederaciones Rurales Argentinas, la Federación Agraria Argentina y la Confederación Intercooperativa Agropecuaria Cooperativa Limitada se unieron en un organismo autodenominado Comisión de Enlace desde el que instrumentaron diferentes medidas de protesta como el cese de comercialización de granos e interrupción del tránsito en las principales rutas del país. El enfrentamiento entre el gobierno de la presidenta Cristina Fernández y las principales corporaciones del agro pampeano, que se desarrolló durante 128 días en 2008, adquirió un carácter inédito tanto por su larga duración como por la confluencia de organizaciones que a lo largo de la historia habían representado a sectores con intereses contrapuestos. Su trascendencia superó rápidamente el carácter sectorial de las protestas e involucró a amplios sectores de la ciudadanía en manifestaciones en el espacio público en defensa de las posiciones del "campo" y del "gobierno". Tras semanas de negociaciones y rupturas, el Poder Ejecutivo decidió enviar la Resolución Nº 125/08 al Congreso Nacional para su discusión. Finalmente, la norma fue derogada en el Senado en la madrugada del 17 de julio de 2008, tras una votación empatada que dirimió a favor de los intereses de las entidades agrarias el ex Vicepresidente de la Nación Julio Cobos. Los medios de comunicación –tanto nacionales como internacionales– desarrollaron una amplia cobertura de este proceso. En ese contexto, el objetivo general de este trabajo es analizar la cobertura mediática del caso en los diarios nacionales Clarín, La Nación y Página/12 entre el 11 de marzo y el 17 de julio de 2008. En términos específicos se pretende establecer: 1) la relevancia noticiosa del asunto en los tres diarios; 2) cuáles fueron los atributos con los que cada medio presentó los temas, a los actores y las políticas del gobierno nacional; y 3) qué uso se hizo de las fuentes de información. Asimismo, a partir de la puesta en relación de la agenda mediática con los discursos presidenciales y los comunicados de la Comisión de Enlace referidos a este asunto, se pretende vislumbrar la relación entre la cobertura informativa y los principales protagonistas del caso. El presente trabajo se enmarca en las perspectivas teóricas de la Agenda-Setting, el Indexing y la Teoría de la Valoración. ; Resolution No. 125/08 was announced by the Argentinian government on March 11, 2008. The rule stipulated an increase in export duties to major agro pampeano´s products and established the mobility of the tax. Two days after the official announcement, Sociedad Rural Argentina, Confederaciones Rurales Argentinas, Federación Agraria Argentina and the Confederación Intercooperativa Agropecuaria Cooperativa Limitada joined in an organism denominated Comisión de Enlace from which they orchestrated protest actions as a cessation of marketing grains and disruption of traffic on the main roads of the country. The confrontation between the government and major corporations, which ran for 128 days in 2008, acquired an unprecedented nature because of its long duration and by the confluence of organizations that throughout history represented sectors with conflicting interests. Its significance quickly surpassed the corporative nature of the protests and involved large segments of citizens in public space protests. After weeks of negotiations and disruptions, the government decided to send the Resolution No. 125/08 to Congress for discussion. Finally, the law was repealed in the Senate on the morning of July 17, 2008, for a vote that heard in favor of the interests of agricultural entities by Vice-president Julio Cobos. The media -both national and international- developed a comprehensive coverage of this process. In this context, the general objective of this work is to analyze the relevance that the national newspapers Clarín, La Nación and Página/12 gave to the issue between 11 March and 17 July 2008. Specifically the work aims to establish: 1) the salience of articles refereed to the case, 2) the attributes that the newspapers granted the fact and 3) the use of news sources associated with Resolution No. 125/ 08. Also, from the linking of different variables, the investigation seeks establish if there were any relation between the main actors vision and the news coverage. This work is part of the theoretical perspectives of the Agenda- Setting, Indexing and Appraisal.

Досліджено питання правового регулювання відносин між Україною та Європейським Союзом у сфері безпеки та оборони. Особлива увага приділена вивченню основних етапів становлення і розвитку європейської політики безпеки і оборони та етапів співробітництва між Україною та Європейським Союзом у цій сфері.З'ясовано, що спільна політика безпеки і оборони ЄС є результатом складних майже сімдесятирічних процесів інтеграції європейських країн, яка почалася в 1948 р. Наголо­шено на положеннях міжнародних договорів та угод, які встановлюють основні принципи оборонної співпраці між Україною Європейським Союзом.Проаналізовано ті положення Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом, які стосуються цих питань, визначено основи співпраці між сторонами у цій сфері, які містяться в ній. Серед основних напрямків співпраці, передбачених Угодою про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом, проаналізовано положення, які стосуються ядерного роззброєння і нерозповсюдження ядерної зброї, боротьбі з тероризмом, військово-технічного співробітництва.Виділено перспективні напрямки співпраці на рівні Україна – Європейський Союз у сфері безпеки та оборони.Ключові слова: спільна політика безпеки і оборони, Угода про асоціацію, Європейський Союз, Україна-ЄС. The conclusion of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union marked not only a victory of the democratic aspirations of Ukrainian and European vision of its future. Its main hope, which is somewhat in the background in connection with the events of 2013- 2015, is launching a qualitatively new stage of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union, which will help to deepen and possibly to improve the process of European integration.Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union is the result of complex processes nearly seventy-year European integration, which began in 1948, signing of the Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance (Dunkirk Treaty) between France and Britain. In the process of integration there is a remarkable number of difficulties and prejudice from the Member States that are not configured to yield their sovereignty and authority in this area. In view of this, the efficiency of the Common Security and Defence Policy causes more complaints than positive reviews. However, it can be expected that in the nearest future European integration in this area will only intensify, and this will have a direct impact on the European Union cooperation with the third countries, including Ukraine. Objectively recognized fact is that the development of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union in the field of security and defense will take place in the framework of the Association Agreement.Although the main subject-matter of the Agreement is the economical and trade issues, this document contains provisions which define the strategic directions of cooperation in a number of important areas. One of these, which are of fundamental importance in modern terms, is the sphere of security and defence. The development of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union in this area is an essential key to successful completion of the process of integration of Ukraine into the European Union's political space.In the article the issues of the legal regulation of relations between Ukraine and the European Union in the field of security and defense are studied. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the main stages of the formation and development either the common security and defense policy of the European Union and main stages of the cooperation between the European Union and Ukraine in this sphere. The common security and defense policy of the European Union is a result of the complicated processes of the European integration which lasted for practically 70 years starting in 1948. The provisions of the bilateral international treaties and agreements, which are define main principles of the cooperation between the Parties in this field, are outlined.The provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union in this regard are analyzed i.e. those, which are based on defined principles of cooperation between the parties in this area which are contained therein. The promising areas of cooperation between the Ukraine and the European Union in the sphere of security and defense are highlighted.Among the major directions of the cooperation, which are set by the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, are analyzed the provisions concerning the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, the fight against terrorism, military and technical cooperation.It is noted, that in conditions of the significant internal and external challenges faced by Ukraine in the field of defense and security, the development of cooperation in this area with the European Union is as relevant as never before. However, it is clear that although the provisions of the Association Agreement are related to security and defense issues, and are the step in the right direction, but they do not solve all the issues that may be the subject of cooperation in this area. However, we note that the instruments provided by the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union can deepen this cooperation and bring it to a new level.Key words: Common Security and Defense Policy, the Association Agreement, the European Union, Ukraine- European Union cooperation

Attorney is a person who defends human rights and freedoms, goes between law and clients interests. Not only the law, but also the public matter, provides the requirements of legal profession. According to the legal acts, one of the main requirements of becoming a qualified and trusted attorney is excellent reputation. Nowadays, in the modern society of the 21st century, people are surrounded by social networks and public mass media information, which develops the opinion of general public. All kinds of information are reachable within a matter of time. Because of this reason, the reputation of a lawyer is valued not only by laws and governments, but also by the clients who care about their future. Impeccable reputation is something that cannot be touched or easily deleted, but can make a significant impact on attorney's legal career. On the 1st of May, 2004 Lithuania became a member of the European Union (EU), which lead to ratification of legal acts and legislations as well as acceptance of the main EU's democracy principles. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides a right to respect for one's private and family life. It states that a person has a right to choose his own profession and occupation. After Lithuania became a member of the EU, the political changes also made an impact on the legislature. The requirements of joining the Lithuanian Bar Association were reduced to follow the politics of the Union. Despite the fact that attorney's functions are highly valued in the norms of society, the new members of Lithuanian Bar Association are expected to meet the minimum requirements. The Supreme Court of Lithuania has stated that: "…there are no offences that would be as serious to unconditionally prevent an attorney to apply for a right to resume doing lawyer activity…". For this reason, even a disreputable person who has been convicted of a criminal offence, can become an attorney. The goal of this thesis is to answer the main question: Does the deletion of attorney's previous conviction mean, ipso facto, the recovery of excellent reputation? In order to achieve the goal of the thesis, following tasks are raised: 1. To examine the historical development of the Bar; 2. To define the lawyer's role in society and legislative framework; 3. To describe the concept of an impeccable reputation in the legal and moral contexts; 4. To analyze lawyer's conviction problem and the opportunities of vocational rehabilitation in both public morality and law contexts. The topic has been examined in contexts of both legal and moral norms. Conviction of someone of an important position in the society may cause negative public discussions. It goes without saying, that it is extremely difficult to gain excellent reputation. However, it can be ruined by one simple mistake. It has been concluded, that a formal deletion of lawyer's criminal records does not bring back the status of an exemplary attorney; in relation to not only the laws, but also the overall public moral principles. Despite the fact, that occupation of an attorney is protected by the law, the attorneys themselves are responsible for their actions which might end up in court. For an attorney that has had legal offenses, it is required by the law to complete some sort of rehabilitation. By the time, there is no accurate system in place that would define further steps for the lawyer. Furthermore, the term of rehabilitation is far from being clear; regarding the way it should run, the intensity, the operation period, etc. For that reason, the conditions might be made favorable for the attorneys who tend to carry out criminal acts. Because of the idea that a lawyer is a representative of a client, all the questions concerning his reputation should be critically valued by the society. Nevertheless, at the moment, the future of an attorney that has been convicted depends on a legislator and not on the client, which is the main reason the whole profession exists itself. Therefore, a lawyer with criminal records discredits the image of the Lithuanian Bar Association as well as causing a decrease of people's trust. According to social surveys, in recent years the rate of the trust in the Lithuanian Bar Association is dropping. The main criteria based on which lawyers are being chosen by the clients are: recommendations and the reputation of an attorney. In order to increase people's trust, the legislator should consider taking account of not only the international acts of law. The reputation and rehabilitation should be regulated by the public demands, while taking into consideration the seriousness of the offense. Regarding all these aspects, the hypothesis that a deletion of lawyer's criminal offenses does not mean that they retrieve their excellent reputation – was approved.

The increasing degree of financial-macro linkages in advanced economies as demonstrated by the recent Great Recession in the United States and Europe raises new challenges for fiscal policy making, in that it expands the potential impact of both tax and expenditure reforms through uncharted channels. In addition, we are faced with an increasingly globalized world, with substantial spillovers of economic policy between states and countries being driven not only by shifts in the demand for goods and services (as understood in the classic international trade literature), but also by movement of labor and highly mobile capital flows. This interdependence conditions the efficiency of domestic fiscal policy in unprecedented ways not captured by most standard closed economy macroeconomic models or traditional optimal tax theory. This dissertation is motivated by the combination of these two forces and investigates the reform of the financial sector and countercyclical new Keynesian fiscal stimuli as policy responses in the aftermath of the latest financial crisis and recession. The first chapter analyzes the effect of the introduction of financial transaction taxes in equity markets in France and Italy in 2012 and 2013, respectively, on asset returns, trading volume and market volatility. Using two natural experiments in a difference-in-differences design, I identify bounds on elasticity estimates for three categories of avoidance channels: real substitution away from taxed assets, retiming (anticipation of transaction realizations and portfolio lock-in), and tax arbitrage (cross-platform and financial instrument shifting). I find large responses on all margins, that account for significantly lower revenues than projected. By far the strongest behavioral response comes from high-frequency trading lock-in on regulated exchanges, with a high tax elasticity of this type of turnover in the order of -9. The results shed light on features of optimal FTT design, suggesting they may be poor instruments for both revenue-raising and Pigouvian objectives. The second chapter complements the empirical analysis of the first chapter by analyzing the welfare implications of a linear financial transactions tax in a multi-period portfolio selection model with heterogeneous agents. Under certain conditions over the redistribution of government revenues, with no Pigouvian motives, I find such a tax may induce first-order losses due to the distortion of idiosyncratic risk-sharing (an implication which differs importantly from other literature on the role of taxation under uncertainty). A transaction tax induces both a contemporaneous inaction region and intertemporal shifting of transaction realizations. Given a segmented market over multiple trading platforms and the choice of at least two different tax instruments, I develop sufficient statistic formulas that differ from standard optimal commodity tax theory in that they account for untaxed capital accumulation, market structure rents, and uncertain returns. Furthermore, I explicitly consider retiming responses in transaction realizations and tax arbitrage in the form of shifting across trading platforms by allowing investors to choose trading in two different markets, and am able to match such parameters to empirically measured elasticities from my the first chapter, thus informing optimal FTT policy rates. In the case of a linear tax with a single market, the simplest model in this chapter suggests a cash equity transaction tax of 0.67% on the notional value of transactions purely to maximize revenue. A transaction tax induces both a contemporaneous inaction region and intertemporal shifting of transaction realizations. The third and final chapter deals with more aggregate effects of fiscal policy. It primarily contributes to the open economy local fiscal multiplier literature by estimating regional output and employment responses to federal expenditure shocks in the European Union. Specifically, I use a novel methodology and dataset on fiscal transfers from the European Commission to subnational regions. Mimicking the literature on foreign aid and growth, I use shocks to the supply of federal transfers (European Commission commitments) of structural fund spending by subnational region as instruments for annual realized expenditure in a panel from 2000-2013. By correctly isolating these fiscal shocks, I find significantly larger fiscal multipliers than the existing literature - a large, contemporaneous multiplier of 1.7, which translates into a cumulative multiplier of 4 three years after the shock. Furthermore, using a novel dataset on bilateral trade between EU regions, I find evidence of demand-driven spillovers up to three years after a shock. In addition to direct implications for federal public finance management globally, these results represent an important step in our understanding of the effect of fiscal stimulus and austerity measures in countries undergoing financial and sovereign debt crises.Overall, this dissertation aims at answering key questions brought about by the increasing complexity and dynamism of financial and economic interdependence of agents across states and countries. The implications of the results presented here are broad, including the development of comprehensive global financial regulation, the characterization of banking and fiscal unions in the Eurozone, and the incorporation of financial markets into new macroeconomic policy making.

Attorney is a person who defends human rights and freedoms, goes between law and clients interests. Not only the law, but also the public matter, provides the requirements of legal profession. According to the legal acts, one of the main requirements of becoming a qualified and trusted attorney is excellent reputation. Nowadays, in the modern society of the 21st century, people are surrounded by social networks and public mass media information, which develops the opinion of general public. All kinds of information are reachable within a matter of time. Because of this reason, the reputation of a lawyer is valued not only by laws and governments, but also by the clients who care about their future. Impeccable reputation is something that cannot be touched or easily deleted, but can make a significant impact on attorney's legal career. On the 1st of May, 2004 Lithuania became a member of the European Union (EU), which lead to ratification of legal acts and legislations as well as acceptance of the main EU's democracy principles. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides a right to respect for one's private and family life. It states that a person has a right to choose his own profession and occupation. After Lithuania became a member of the EU, the political changes also made an impact on the legislature. The requirements of joining the Lithuanian Bar Association were reduced to follow the politics of the Union. Despite the fact that attorney's functions are highly valued in the norms of society, the new members of Lithuanian Bar Association are expected to meet the minimum requirements. The Supreme Court of Lithuania has stated that: "…there are no offences that would be as serious to unconditionally prevent an attorney to apply for a right to resume doing lawyer activity…". For this reason, even a disreputable person who has been convicted of a criminal offence, can become an attorney. The goal of this thesis is to answer the main question: Does the deletion of attorney's previous conviction mean, ipso facto, the recovery of excellent reputation? In order to achieve the goal of the thesis, following tasks are raised: 1. To examine the historical development of the Bar; 2. To define the lawyer's role in society and legislative framework; 3. To describe the concept of an impeccable reputation in the legal and moral contexts; 4. To analyze lawyer's conviction problem and the opportunities of vocational rehabilitation in both public morality and law contexts. The topic has been examined in contexts of both legal and moral norms. Conviction of someone of an important position in the society may cause negative public discussions. It goes without saying, that it is extremely difficult to gain excellent reputation. However, it can be ruined by one simple mistake. It has been concluded, that a formal deletion of lawyer's criminal records does not bring back the status of an exemplary attorney; in relation to not only the laws, but also the overall public moral principles. Despite the fact, that occupation of an attorney is protected by the law, the attorneys themselves are responsible for their actions which might end up in court. For an attorney that has had legal offenses, it is required by the law to complete some sort of rehabilitation. By the time, there is no accurate system in place that would define further steps for the lawyer. Furthermore, the term of rehabilitation is far from being clear; regarding the way it should run, the intensity, the operation period, etc. For that reason, the conditions might be made favorable for the attorneys who tend to carry out criminal acts. Because of the idea that a lawyer is a representative of a client, all the questions concerning his reputation should be critically valued by the society. Nevertheless, at the moment, the future of an attorney that has been convicted depends on a legislator and not on the client, which is the main reason the whole profession exists itself. Therefore, a lawyer with criminal records discredits the image of the Lithuanian Bar Association as well as causing a decrease of people's trust. According to social surveys, in recent years the rate of the trust in the Lithuanian Bar Association is dropping. The main criteria based on which lawyers are being chosen by the clients are: recommendations and the reputation of an attorney. In order to increase people's trust, the legislator should consider taking account of not only the international acts of law. The reputation and rehabilitation should be regulated by the public demands, while taking into consideration the seriousness of the offense. Regarding all these aspects, the hypothesis that a deletion of lawyer's criminal offenses does not mean that they retrieve their excellent reputation – was approved.

Стаття присвячена дослідженню спільних та відмінних особливостей терактів у Парижі та Брюсселі в 2015 та 2016 рр. Теракти засвідчили слабкість системи європейської безпеки в контексті захисту своїх громадян від загрози № 1 у світі. Високий рівень демократичності та ліберальності не дозволив ефективно використати силові інструменти в процесі боротьби з тероризмом, що стало результатом того, що терористи безперешкодно змогли дістатись до місця здійснення своїх актів і реалізувати їх. Визначено, що спільними особливостями є наступні: і в Парижі, і в Брюсселі теракти були вчинені представниками терористичної мілітаристської групи «Ісламська держава Іраку та Леванту» (ІДІЛ); місця скоєння терактів; знаряддя терористів; військові підрозділи Франції та Бельгії є учасниками збройного конфлікту в Сирії на боці сирійської опозиції і ведуть боротьбу проти ІДІЛ; терактів було декілька. Доведено, що відмінності полягають в наступному: в Парижі, окрім вибухівки, начиненої цвяхами, також було використано автоматичну зброю та гранати, а в Брюсселі – тільки вибухівку; Франція є більш активною у боротьбі з тероризмом на міжнародній арені і всіляко виступає проти насилля щодо людства, тому тут теракт можна розцінювати як удар по демократичних та гуманітарних цінностях; Бельгія є «політичним серцем» Європейського Союзу, а тому терористичний удар по ній можна розцінювати як удар по політичній системі ЄС; в Парижі теракт передбачалось нанести, окрім населення, і по високопосадовцях в особі Ф. Олланда та В. Штайнмайєра, а в Брюсселі – тільки по мирному населенню. ; Статья посвящена исследованию общих и отличительных особенностей терактов в Париже и Брюсселе в 2015 и 2016 гг. Теракты удостоверили слабость системы европейской безопасности в контексте защиты своих граждан от угрозы № 1 в мире. Высокий уровень демократичности и либеральности не позволил эффективно использовать силовые инструменты в процессе борьбы с терроризмом, что явилось результатом того, что террористы беспрепятственно смогли добраться к месту осуществления своих актов и реализовать их. Определено, что общими особенностями являются следующие: и в Париже, и в Брюсселе теракты были совершены представителями террористической милитаристской группы «Исламское государство Ирак и Леванта» (ИГИЛ); места совершения терактов; орудия террористов; военные подразделения Франции и Бельгии являются участниками вооруженного конфликта в Сирии на стороне сирийской оппозиции и ведут борьбу против ИГИЛ; терактов было несколько. Доказано, что отличия состоят в следующем: в Париже, кроме взрывчатки, начиненной гвоздями, также было использовано автоматическое оружие и гранаты, а в Брюсселе – только взрывчатка; Франция является более активной в борьбе с терроризмом на международной арене и всячески выступает против насилия в отношении человечества, поэтому здесь теракт можно расценивать как удар по демократическим и гуманитарным ценностям; Бельгия является «политическим сердцем» Европейского Союза, а потому террористический удар по ней можно расценивать как удар по политической системе ЕС; в Париже теракт предполагалось нанести кроме населения, и по высоким должностным представителям в лице Ф. Олланда и Ф. Штайнмайера, а в Брюсселе – только по мирному населению. ; The article investigates the common and distinctive features of the terrorist attacks in Paris and Brussels in 2015 and 2016. The attacks have confirmed the weakness of European security system in the context of the protection of its citizens from the threat № 1 in the world. The high level of democracy and liberalism are not allowed to use power instruments effectively in the fight against terrorism, which was the result of the fact that the terrorists were able to freely access to the place of their acts and to implement them. It was determined that the common features are the following: in Paris and in Brussels, the attacks were carried out by terrorist militaristic group «The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant» (ISIL); the places of commission of terrorist acts; guns of terrorists; military units of France and Belgium are parties of the armed conflict in Syria on the side of the Syrian opposition and struggle against ISIL; there were a few terrorist attacks. It is proved that the differences are as follows: in Paris, in addition to explosives, packed with nails, also were used automatic weapons and grenades, but only explosives in Brussels; France is more active in the fight against terrorism in the international arena and in every way opposed to violence against humanity, so there is a terrorist attack can be seen as a blow to the democratic and humanitarian values; Belgium is a «political heart» of the European Union that's why the terrorist attack on it can be seen as a blow to the political system of the EU; in Paris, the attack was supposed to apply except for the population and for high officials in the name of F. Hollande and F. Steinmeier, and in Brussels – only civilians.conducting effective public diplomacy by means of virtual diplomacy. In the context of the establishment of the global information society the key target groups must be: Diasporas, foreign media (including bloggers), investors, influential foreign politicians and officials, virtual communities. The most active and effective policy on the work with these target audiences today is conducted by the USA.

У статті здійснено соціологічний аналіз проблеми безробіття серед сучасної української молоді. Незважаючи на невисокий рівень безробіття в Україні порівняно із загальноєвропейським рівнем, молодь являє особливу категорію, в якій проблема зайнятості має яскраво виражений характер і вимагає перманентного державного моніторингу та розробки політики молодіжної зайнятості як частини загальної політики зайнятості в країні.За допомогою різних соціологічних досліджень детально розглянута структура безробіття серед української молоді. За даними 2015 року лише 9% молоді безробітні. Великою проблемою визнається низька можливість працевлаштування за обраною спеціальністю.Оцінено вплив на структуру молодіжного безробіття таких факторів як вікові групи та розподіл за видами діяльності. Встановлено, що найбільш уразлива до безробіття є вікова група 15-24 роки. Велика увага приділена відповідності рівня освіти молоді та вимог роботодавців до своїх працівників. Виявлено, що є необхідним корекція роботи всієї системи освіти.Запропоновано в якості важливого кроку для регулювання проблеми безробіття серед молоді поліпшення роботи Державної служби зайнятості, якій варто звернутися до міжнародного досвіду та здійснити реформування механізму державної підтримки підприємницької діяльності шляхом надання пільг, дотацій або державної допомоги для розвитку бізнесу тощо. Саме молодь є найбільш психологічно гнучкою до сприйняття нових сучасних технологій підприємницької діяльності. ; В статье проведен социологический анализ проблемы безработицы среди современной украинской молодежи. Несмотря на относительно низкий уровень безработицы в Украине по сравнению с общеевропейским уровнем, молодежь относится к особой категории, в которой проблема занятости имеет ярко выраженный характер и требует перманентного государственного мониторинга и разработки политики молодежной занятости как части общей политики занятости в стране.В свете различных социологических исследований подробно рассмотрена структура безработицы среди украинской молодежи. По данным 2015 года только 9% молодежи являются безработные. Большой проблемой признается малая вероятность трудоустройства по избранной специальности.Оценено влияние на структуру молодежной безработицы таких факторов как возрастные группы и распределение по видам деятельности. Установлено, что наиболее предрасположена к безработице возрастная группа 15-24 года. Большое внимание уделено соответствию уровня образования молодежи и требований работодателей к своим работникам. Определена необходимость коррекции работы всей системы образования.Предложено в качестве важного шага для регулирования проблемы безработицы среди молодежи – улучшение работы Государственной службы занятости, которой следует обратиться к международному опыту и осуществить реформирование механизма государственной поддержки предпринимательской деятельности путем предоставления льгот, дотаций или государственной помощи для развития бизнеса и тому подобное. Именно молодежь является наиболее психологически гибкой к восприятию новых современных технологий предпринимательской деятельности. ; This article provides a sociological analysis of the problem of unemployment among modern Ukrainian youth. Despite the low unemployment rate in Ukraine compared with European levels, youth is a special category in which the problem of employment has a distinct character and needs permanent state monitoring and policy youth employment as part of total employment policies in the country. Continuously declining proportion of young people to the total population. In Ukraine, for the last ten years the number dropped from her 22 to 20%. According to all forecasts, this trend will continue. With various sociological studies reviewed in detail the structure of unemployment among Ukrainian youth. According to 2015 only 9% of young people are unemployed. The big problem is recognized low employment opportunities in the chosen specialty. A major problem completely for all graduates, regardless of their theoretical training, enterprises consider isolation of knowledge from practice unprepared to work in real business and a lack of understanding of how the business works. Thus it is necessary to orient the student during the training in higher education with the requirements of the employer. The analysis of the youth labor market in Ukraine showed that the highest levels of unemployment youthful equip individuals 24 years of age, it gives reason to include young people in this age groupe highest risk for difficulties first search of employment are not only with general economic and political crises, but also to the volatility of attitudes of young people, too ambitious position of young workers from the essence of practical skills and experience and, consequently, low professional status.The effect on the structure of youth unemployment factors such as age groups and distribution activities. Found that the most vulnerable to unemployment is the age group 15-24 years. Much attention is given to matching the level of education of young people and requirements of employers to their employees. Revealed that the necessary correction of the entire education system. Thus, the main conclusion is significant opportunity to improve the efficiency of the State Employment Center as one of the basic tools of the modern state youth policy. Proposed as an important step to regulate the problem of youth unemployment improvement of the State Employment Service, which should appeal to the international experience and to reform the mechanism of state support for entrepreneurship by providing incentives, subsidies or state aid to business expansion and others. That young people are the most responsive to the psychological perception of new technologies entrepreneurship.

International audience ; Network topology –decentralized arrangement of various elements of a computer grid- in which each node relays data for the network, MESH technologies has been recently presented as profoundly disruptive and able to change both our telecom infrastructure, our citizenship practices and our "communicative action" (Habermas, 1981). Recently implemented on mobile devices (Mobile -WiFi- peer-to-peer communication), this technology has been prominently mentioned during global political movements (Arab spring, Occupy movements, etc.) who crystallized, in a certain way, questions related to the Internet citizen's socio-technical and political skills, to the roles of States in the defense of individual liberties, bottom-up telecommunication infrastructures and net neutrality. Disseminated widely within wireless community networks, organizations that attempt to take a grassroots approach to providing a viable alternative to municipal wireless networks for consumers; MESH technology software can be observed in different ways. This article discusses the communication aspects of this technology from a critical point of view, it analyses of the storytelling that surround it and presents an ethnography of a Detroit MESH network and its publics (USA). By observing both the speeches given on this technology and the "manières de faire" (De Certeau, 1989) in local deployment of a software able to create MESH networks, we show how this technology is once a vector for emergence of "democratic rationalization" (Feenberg, 2004) and a set of local "tactics" to a more distributed governance of the Internet, less concentrated around major operators of infrastructure. ; Topología de red (una red en la que cada nodo está conectado a todos los demás nodos de forma que es posible llevar los mensajes de un nodo a otro por distintos caminos), la topología "MESH" (de red malla) esta presentada últimamente como profundamente perturbadora y capaz de cambiar tanto nuestra infraestructura de telecomunicaciones como nuestras prácticas de ciudadanía y nuestra "acción comunicativa" (Habermas, 1981). Implementada en dispositivos móviles, se mencionó esta tecnología durante los recientes movimientos políticos (primaveras árabes, movimientos Occupy y indignados, etc.) porque representó, en ciertos modos, las cuestiones relacionadas con las habilidades socio-técnicas y políticas de los ciudadanos respecto a Internet, con los roles de los Estados en la defensa de las libertades individuales, de las infraestructuras de telecomunicaciones de abajo hacia arriba y de la neutralidad de la red. Diseminada dentro de las redes inalámbricas comunitarias, por grupos de voluntarios o instituciones que construyen redes informáticas libres, gratuitas y alternativas a las redes privadas gestionadas por los proveedores clásicos de Internet, esta tecnología de malla se puede observar de distintas maneras. Este artículo analiza las dimensiones comunicativas de esta tecnología desde un punto de vista crítico y presenta una etnografía de un caso de red MESH en Detroit. Observando tanto los discursos pronunciados sobre esta tecnología como las "manières de faire" (De Certeau, 1989) en la implementación local de un software capaz de crear redes de malla, se demuestra cómo esta tecnología participa a la existencia de una "racionalización democrática" (Feenberg, 2004) y es un conjunto de "tácticas" locales para una gobernanza más distribuida de Internet, menos concentrado por los principales operadores de la infraestructura. ; Principe de structuration d'un réseau numérique où tous les appareils connectés au réseau communiquent entre eux et se distribuent de façon dynamique et intelligente les données pour éviter les points d'engorgement ; la technologie MESH (de l'anglais « mesh », maillage, filet - protocole de routage informatique décentralisé et sans fil) est présentée depuis quelques années comme étant profondément disruptive et en mesure de modifier à la fois nos infrastructures télécoms, nos pratiques citoyennes et notre « agir communicationnel » (Habermas, 1981). Récemment implémentée sur des terminaux mobiles, cette technologie a connu une publicité particulière à la faveur de mouvements politiques mondiaux (printemps arabes, mouvements occupy) qui ont su cristalliser, dans un certain sens, des questionnements relatifs aux compétences sociotechniques et politiques des citoyens internautes, aux rôles des États dans la défense des libertés individuelles, à l'infrastructure matérielle et à la neutralité du Net. Diffusée très largement au sein des réseaux communautaires sans fils, réseaux locaux hors-sol ne reposant pas sur les infrastructures des fournisseurs d'accès ou opérateurs télécom, la technologie MESH peut être envisagée de différentes manières. Cet article se propose d'explorer les aspects communicationnels de cette technologie à partir d'une critique du « storytelling » récent dont on l'affuble et d'une ethnographie de l'implantation d'un logiciel MESH au sein de la ville de Détroit (Etats-Unis). En observant à la fois les discours que l'on porte sur cette technologie de manière globale et les « manières de faire » très locales d'un déploiement d'un logiciel capable de créer des réseaux MESH, nous montrons comment cette technologie est à la fois un vecteur relatif d'émergence de « technologies démocratiques » (Feenberg, 2004) et un ensemble de « tactiques » locales servant une stratégie plus globale qui vise à une gouvernance de l'Internet plus distribuée et moins concentrée autour de grands opérateurs d'infrastructures.

Political Economy of Knowledge implies the analysis of the production of knowledge and the role of actors, policies and programs which influenced higher education development during the developmentlism (1970's), neoliberalism (1990's), and the current period of transformation for higher education in the Global South. Ecuador and Tanzania share postcolonial histories and dependent economies that have given their universities prominent roles in the construction of their respective states, societies and national economies. Just as classrooms and studies at the Central University of Ecuador, the University of Dar-es-Salaam became a key player in the democratization of the country (Campuzano, 2005; Lulat, 2005). In the 1960s and 1970s, during the euphoric period following the Cuban Revolution and the independence of many African countries, universities in Latin America and Africa committed themselves to the struggles against political and social inequalities and strengthened their ties to popular sectors. These conditions have changed through next decades. From the standpoint of political economy, this research provides background for analyzing higher education in the context of the historical conditions in which capitalist accumulation and inequality have occurred at the global level. It also discusses the trajectory of the relationships among universities, politics and knowledge in Latin America and Africa, with special emphasis on Ecuador and Tanzania. The field work done at two rural universities, one in Ecuador and one in Tanzania. On the basis of work with documents and the positioning of various stakeholders (leaders, activists in social and educational movements, professors, politicians), the analysis makes it possible to understand the articulation between the production of knowledge within the universities and the shifts in designing educational plans within the frameworks of political disputes and the correlation of forces within the framework of globalization. We examine the 1960s to the 1980s, as Ecuadorian universities engaged with agrarian problems and professionalization, while higher education in Tanzania in that period aimed to serve development in the newly independent nation. We look, in particular, at the establishment of research and teaching agendas for the provincial public universities of the State University of Bolivar in Ecuador and Mzumbe University in Tanzania, to understand the ways that these peripheral instititutions defined and legitimized local knowledge in the context of national and global transformations. This research algo examine, the political economy of higher education in these two countries towards the end of the 20th century and into the 21st century. We analyze, on the one hand, the selected universities' distinct local responses to the impacts of structural adjustment. In this section we also look at the ways that these universities have responded to the globalization of education in the 21st century, focusing on the importance of social sciences in the reconstruction of the State in the 20th century, in the context of a globalized economy. ; THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH: THE CASES OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN ECUADOR AND TANZANIA1 TABLE OF CONTENTS1 IN LATIN AMERICA AND AFRICA3 CHAPTER I CAPITALIST ACCUMULATION AND INSTITUTIONS OF KNOWLEDGE7 A.Politics, economics and knowledge in the history of universities in Latin America and Ecuador15 B.Politics, economics and knowledge in the history of universities in Africa and Tanzania20 CHAPTER II UNIVERSITIES AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF BOLIVAR IN ECUADOR AND MZUMBE UNIVERSITY IN TANZANIA27 A.The 1970s and 1980s in Ecuador: Universities at the intersection of academic and political networks and policies in the face of State modernization…29 1.Universities, development and professionalization in Ecuador… ……29 2.A peripheral scenario within the periphery: the city of Guaranda…34 3.The State University of Bolivar: Higher education in the face of colonial features, agrarian problems and regional elites36 B.The first decades of independence: Ujamaa and education for autonomy49 1.Tanzania and African socialism49 2.The "developmental university" model at the service of African sovereignty.52 3.From the colonial British Local Government School to the Institute of Development Management of the University of Dar es Salaam57 CHAPTER III FROM THE CRISES OF THE LAST DECADES OF THE 20TH CENTURY TO THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION61 A. University responses to national contexts of structural adjustments61 1.Ecuador: Massification, privatization of higher education and cultural spaces for the epistemic proposal of the UEB's School of Andean Culture and Education (EECA)61 2.Tanzania: Universities as a luxury and the introduction of more technical knowledge production at Mzumbe University in the 1980s and early 1990s75 B. The social sciences and reconstruction of the State at the turn of the century82 1. University reforms in Ecuador and the pursuit of State presence in the country's isolated center83 2. International influences on administrative and university reforms in Tanzania86 3.The establishment of Mzumbe University and the creation of social sciences at the service of Morogoro92 C.In Closing99 BIBLIOGRAPHY100

[spa] Se profundiza en la formación en comunicación relacional durante el proceso de socialización en el caso de Enfermería como profesión de salud. Se estudian con especial atención las situaciones críticas y de gravedad para el paciente, su familia y allegados. El objetivo es analizar la formación en comunicación, identificando los elementos que se consideran esenciales en distintos niveles asistenciales y de relación, los que se priorizan, así como su adecuación para alcanzar la competencia comunicativa esperable en la actual formación al Grado de Enfermería en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Se realiza un estudio exploratorio de caso, se utilizan datos primarios, cualitativos y cuantitativos, datos secundarios, y una exploración documental en profundidad estudiando diferentes corrientes teóricas. El referente teórico principal es la obra de Berger y Luckmann (1983), como punto de partida para comprender la producción y reproducción social del conocimiento, en que la comunicación es el instrumento principal, que posibilita la construcción de dicho conocimiento y su transmisión, siendo a la vez la misma comunicación el foco de interés del estudio. Las distintas teorías de comunicación que se estudian en perspectiva sociológica, así como documentos legislativos e institucionales relacionados con la educación superior y la salud, muestran la complejidad existente, la dificultad de abordar el tema y de llegar a consensos en su aplicación. En especial, en el ámbito sanitario y al tener en cuenta las normativas más recientes. Por ejemplo, en el caso de España la Ley 41/2002 de Autonomía del paciente y de derechos y obligaciones en materia de información y documentación clínica. Los resultados de la tesis indican una acusada falta de herramientas formativas en el alumnado para afrontar los procesos comunicativos en general y en particular en los casos críticos y de enfermedad grave. Además, esa carencia se experimenta de forma intensa por parte de profesionales en ejercicio, que demandan de forma reiterada instrumentos para hacer frente ellos mismos a este tipo de situaciones y poder incorporar ese conocimiento a los procesos de enseñanza en los que participan de forma continuada. Los resultados obtenidos confirman las hipótesis planteadas en el estudio y cumplen ampliamente con los objetivos explicitados. Como parte de ellos y en la línea de continuidad personal en la innovación docente, se realiza una propuesta académica posible de "competencia comunicativa", para el Grado de Enfermería que tiene en cuenta la documentación internacional más reciente sobre comunicación en salud y excelencia del cuidado. ; [eng] The present work deepens in the formal education of face to face communication skills during the socialization process, in the particular case of Nursing as a health profession. Special attention is given to critical and severe situations for the patient, his/her family and friends. Our aim was to analyze the formal education in communication skills by: 1) identifying elements that may be considered essential at different assistance and relation levels, 2) prioritizing them, 3) adequating them in order to achieve the desired communication competence in the present Nursing Degree in European Higher Education Area. An explorative study was realized, in which primary – both qualitative and quantitative – data were obtained, as well as secondary data. An extensive review of documental sources on the subject has been done, deepening in the different theoretical tendencies. The main theoretical reference was the work by Berger and Luckman (1983) as the starting point to understand how knowledge is produced, reproduced and socialized. Their work states that communication is the main instrument that enables construction and transmission of knowledge, and the study focuses precisely on communication. Consultation of the different theories about communication – analyzed from a sociological point of view – and the diverse institutional and legal documents related to higher education and health shows that this subject is complex, difficult to approach, so it may be hard to achieve a large consensus on its application. This is especially true in the health care field, when taking into account the recent directives, for instance - in the case of Spain - the 41/2002 law on "Autonomy, Rights and Obligations of the Patient as regards Clinical Information and Documentation". The results of the present work show that Nursing students lack drastically the training of their abilities related with communication processes in general, and specially in critical cases and severe illnesses. This lack is also intensely felt by health professionals who would need to be taught these abilities and would need to integrate them in their continuated educational programmes for students. Results of this work are concordant with our initial hypothesis, and have met the aims pursued. One of these aims – in accordance with our personal implication in teaching innovation – was to emit a formal education proposal for the Nursing Degree related to "communication competence" that takes into account the most recent international documents on communication in health care and excellence of care.

Esta investigación buscó problematizar el proceso de institucionalización de las ciencia antropológica en Chile entre 1860 y 1954, ello a partir de la caracterización de las dinámicas socio-organizativas y cognoscitivas que van configurando el espacio científico en una etapa previa a su consolidación académico-universitaria, y por consiguiente a su establecimiento como disciplina hacia fines de los años '60. Para el periodo, se delinean algunos aspectos relativos a las trayectorias de instituciones como sociedades científicas y museos en tanto espacios de articulación social -claves en su desarrollo-, así como se profundiza en la producción científica -en artículos publicados en revistas de circulación nacional- dando cuenta de actores, campos de especialización, temáticas, volúmenes y etapas de producción, ello a la luz de ciertos procesos ligados a la política estatal referida a la promoción de esta nueva ciencia. Más allá de debatir ciertas tesis sostenidas respecto a la conformación y características de la antropología en Chile, esta investigación brinda antecedentes que permiten discutir el supuesto que la antropología fue pensada como una ciencia comprometida con la construcción de la nación, lo que implica un fuerte respaldo estatal. Se evidencia que en su formación prima el impulso de particulares -individuales y colectivos- que se comprometen con levantar las bases de una ciencia moderna conforme a los cánones imperantes de la época, y con ello consolidar una comunidad local vinculada el espacio internacional. La investigación permite concluir que la antropología en Chile está marca por una temprana pero débil institucionalización, que impide su consolidación como disciplina científica en comparación con la situación que experimentan las antropologías en otros países del continente. ; This study search problematize the process of the conformation of the anthropological science in Chili between 1860 and 1954, this from the characterization of the dynamic socio-organizational and cognitive that setting the scientific space in a prior step to the academic-university institutionalization, and therefore its establishment as a discipline in the late '60s. For the period, some aspects are outlined related to the trajectories of institutions like scientific societies and museums, while spaces of social articulation-keys in their development-, as well as deepens in the scientific production, in articles published in national- circulation magazines, realizing actors, fields of specialization, thematics, volumes and production stages, that in the light of certain processes linked to state policy regarding the promotion of this new science. Beyond discussing certain theses sustained respect to the conformation and characteristics of the anthropology in Chili, this research provides background that allow to discuss the supposed that the anthropology was conceived as a science committed to building the nation, which implies a strong support of the government. It is evident that in conformation premium the momentum of particular, individual and collective, that are committed to raising the foundations of modern science according to the prevailing standards of the time, and thereby consolidate a local community linked to the international space. The investigation leads to the conclusion that anthropology in Chile s marked by a early, but weak institutionalization, that preventing its consolidation as scientific discipline in compared to the situation that experienced the anthropologies in others countries. ; Esta investigaçao buscou problematizar o processo de institucionalizaçao da ciência antropológica no Chile entre 1860 e 1954, a partir da caracterizaçao das dinâmicas sócio- organizativas e cognoscitivas que vao configurando o espaço científico em uma etapa prévia a sua consolidaçao acadêmica-universitária, e por seguinte seu estabelecimento como disciplina no fim dos anos 60. Para o período sao delineados alguns aspectos relativos às trajetórias de instituiçoes como sociedades científicas e museus em espaços de articulaçao social - chaves em seu desenvolvimento-, assim como profundiza a produçao científica - em artigos publicados em revistas de circulaçao nacional - dando conta de atores, campos de especializaçao, temáticas, volumes e etapas de produçao, a luz de certos processos ligados à política estatal referida a promoçao desta nova ciência. Além de debater certas teses apoiadas na formaçao e nas características da antropología no Chile, esta investigaçao fornece antecedentes que permitem discutir o suposto que a antropología foi pensada como uma ciência comprometida com a construçao da naçao, o que implica um forte respaldo estatal. Evidencia que em sua formaçao se baseia o impulso de particularidades -individuais e coletivas- que se comprometem com levantar as bases de uma ciência moderna conforme os cânones prevalecentes da época, e com ele consolida uma comunidade local vinculada ao espaço internacional. A investigaçao permite concluir que a antropologia no Chile está marcada por uma prematura e fraca institucionalizaçao, que impede sua consolidaçao como disciplina científica em comparaçao com a situaçao que experimentam as antropologias em outros países do continente. ; Fil: Mora Nawrath, Héctor. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Background: The impact of natural disasters on human populations has become an area of particular interest in global health. Climatic changes have led to an increased frequency of such catastrophes. Although the number of disasters in high income versus low and lower-middle income countries does not differ much, the number of people affected by them are disproportionately larger in low and lower-middle income countries. These countries are also home to majority of the children population in the world and the impacts of natural disasters are particularly challenging for them. The low resources of these countries are put to test in disasters, requiring international aid to alleviate the effects of the disaster. Medical aid appears to be a key component to address the healthcare of the affected population, placing even more importance on children. However, challenges exist which need to be identified and addressed. Aim: To capture and map the current state of knowledge and to identify gaps in knowledge regarding accessibility of medical aid for children. Methods: The nature of the research question led to implementation of a scoping review. This allowed incorporation of grey literature along with peer reviewed published literature for the analysis. Scoping review was conducted in six steps, (i) identifying the research question, (ii) identifying relevant studies, (iii) study selection, (iv) charting the data, (v) collating, summarizing and reporting the results, (vi) consultations. Consultations were carried out at Save the Children Sweden Stockholm Office where a two month internship period was also completed during the study period. Results: A thematic analysis of the findings was done using the SDH for health inequities framework to organize the findings and are presented in combination with the discussion due to the narrative nature of the analysis. Firstly, there is a lack of policies at government and organization level for stratification of medical aid for children. Secondly, exposure of the children population to a natural disaster differs in different contexts, but the recognized effects have not been incorporated into policy development. Thirdly, vulnerabilities of children, which might be worsened, are not taken into account during provision of medical aid due to lack of policies to prioritize them. Conclusion: There is a significant gap in knowledge regarding medical aid provision for children and the related challenges in the aftermath of a natural disaster. It also points to inequities experienced by children which needs global attention. Policies need to be established to prioritize children after natural disasters to improve provision of medical aid. ; Bakgrund: Effekterna av naturkatastrofer på befolknings har blivit ett område av särskilt intresse för global hälsa. Klimatförändringar har lett till en ökad frekvens av sådana katastrofer. Även om antalet katastrofer i hög inkomst kontra länder låg och lägre medelinkomst inte skiljer sig mycket, antalet människor som drabbas av dem är oproportionerligt större i länder med låg och lägre medelinkomst. Dessa länder är också hem för majoriteten av barnen befolkningen i världen och effekterna av naturkatastrofer är särskilt utmanande för dem. De låga resurser i dessa länder sätts på prov i katastrofer, har behov av internationellt bistånd för att lindra effekterna av katastrofen. Medicinsk hjälp verkar vara en nyckelfaktor för att ta itu med hälso- och sjukvård den drabbade befolkningen, placera ännu större vikt vid barn. Det finns emellertid problem som måste identifieras och åtgärdas. Syfte: Att fånga och kartlägga kunskapsläget och för att identifiera kunskapsluckor när det gäller tillgången till medicinsk hjälp för barn. Metoder: Den typ av frågeställning lett till genomförandet av en scoping översyn. Detta tillät införlivandet av grå litteratur tillsammans med vetenskapligt granskad publicerad litteratur för analysen. Avgränsning granskningen har utförts i sex steg, (i) identifiera forskningsfrågan, (ii) identifiera relevanta studier, (iii) studie val, (iv) kartlägga uppgifter, (v) sammanställa, sammanfatta och rapportera resultaten, (vi) samråd. Samråd genomfördes vid Rädda Barnen Stockholmskontoret där två månaders praktik period fördes också under studieperioden. Resultat: En tematisk analys av resultaten gjordes med hjälp av SDH för hälsoskillnader ram för att organisera resultaten och presenteras i kombination med diskussionen på grund av berättelsen karaktär av analysen. För det första finns det en brist på politik på regerings och organisationsnivå för skiktning av medicinsk hjälp för barn. För det andra exponering av barnen befolkningen en naturkatastrof skiljer sig i olika sammanhang, men de erkända effekter har inte tagits med i den politiska utvecklingen. För det tredje, är sårbarheten hos barn, som kan förvärras, inte beaktas vid tillhandahållande av medicinsk hjälp på grund av bristande åtgärder för att prioritera dem. Slutsats: Det finns en betydande skillnad i kunskap om medicinsk bestämmelse stöd till barn och utmaningar i efterdyningarna av en naturkatastrof. Det pekar också på orättvisor som upplevs av barn som behöver global uppmärksamhet. Politik måste inrättas för att prioritera barn efter naturkatastrofer för att förbättra tillhandahållandet av medicinsk hjälp.